k  ■    dijl 

s. 

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v=:';::'-;v;!i;;i;:;r 


THE  LIBRARY 

OF 

THE  UNIVERSITY 

OF  CALIFORNIA 

LOS  ANGELES 


Ji/i/yU^^^^ 


in^' 


GRAMMAR 


OF  THB 


BIBLICAL  CHALDAIC  LANGUAGE 


AND  THE 


TALMUD  BABLI.  IDIOMS. 


BY 

S.    D.    LUZZATTO, 

LATE    PBOFESSOB  IN  THE  EABBINICAL  INSTITUTE  AT  PADUA,   ITALY. 


TRANSLATED  FROM  THE  ITALIAN,  AND  LARGELY  REVIEWED 


BY 


J.   S.   GOLDAMMER,  D.P., 

BABBI  IN  CINCINNATI. 


"  Qui  transtulit  sustinet.^* 


NEW  YORK: 
JOHN    WILEY   &.SONS, 

15  ASTOR  PLACE. 

1S76. 


Entered  according  to  Act  of  Congress,  in  the  year  ISTfi,  by 

JOHN  WILEY  &  SONS, 
In  the  Office  of  the  Librarian  of  Congress,  nt  Washington. 


.louN  F    Tiiow  &  Son, 

MllNTKKH    AMI    IIOllKIIINDKHB, 

aiir.  -ivi  rust  \-iih  .st., 

htVi    V 1 1 II K . 


5  50^ 


THE  PRINCIPAL  FOUNDERS  OF  THE  HEBREW  UNION  COLLEGE: 

Dr.  I.  M.  WISE, 
M.  LOTH,  Esquire, 
II.  ABLER,        " 

EESrECTFULLY 

THE  EDITOR. 


2047499 


PREFACE  BY  THE  EDITOR. 


There  is  no  ancient  language  into  wliich  the  gram- 
marians have  brought  more  confusion  for  its  teachers 
and  i^upils  than  the  Chaldaic.  They  have  compiled 
rules  and  laws  for  the  study  of  this  vernacular  regard- 
less of  its  different  dialects,  and  thus  have  increased 
the  difficulties  the  student  has  to  meet  with  whenever 
entering  the  field  of  dead  languages.  The  attempt, 
therefore,  to  treat  particularly  each  dialect  of  this 
tongue  in  its  grammatical  proprieties,  in  order  to  make 
the  student  perceptibly  familiar  with  the  different 
principles  prevailing  in  its  different  phraseologies,  must 
be  considered  as  one  of  the  methods  the  most  appro- 
priate for  acquiring  a  thorough  knowledge  of  the  Chal- 
daic language,  and  that  the  author  succeeded  in  his 
endeavors  is  unquestionably  shown  in  each  paragraph 
of  this  work. 

The  method  applied  in  this  grammar  is  as  plain  as 
intelligible,  and  entirely  adapted  to  the  use  of  the  stu- 
dent who  aims  to  acquire  in  as  short  a  time  as  pos- 
sible a  clear  understanding  of  the  Chaldaic  sections  in 
the  Bible,  which  are  of  the  greatest  imjiortance  to 
biblicists,  and  especially  to  theologians. 

As  to  the  talmudical  grammar,  it  seems  proper  to  be 
observed,  that : 


Yl  PREFACE    BY    THE    EDITOR. 

1)  This  grammar  is  tlie  first  attempt  tliat  ever  lias 
been  made  to  show  the  dialect  of  the  Semitic  toiiirue 
in  the  Talmud,  hitherto  considered  as  of  a  style  as  con- 
fused as  anarchical,  to  be  inferior  to  no  lano-uaire  con- 
cerning  the  grammatical  organizations  of  laws  and 
principles,  mthout  which  no  language  ever  became  the 
true  expression  of  ideas. 

2)  By  the  use  of  this  grammar  the  student  will 
acquire  a  knowledge  of  the  subject  he  chooses  to  study 
on  clearer,  and  a  perception  more  definite  than  has 
generally  been  the  case  as  long  as  a  grammarless 
method  has  been  observed.  * 

3)  This  grammar  affords  the  teachers  of  the  Talmud 
a  ne^v  method  of  instruction,  more  fruitful  and  more 
efficient  than  any  that  has  been  observed  ever  since  in 
any  theological  school. 

4)  The  difficulties  of  self -instruction  in  the  Talmud, 
almost  insuperable,  as  is  generally  known,  will  greatly 
be  surmounted  by  the  use  of  this  grannnar. 

There  are  some  of  the  D'^n^sb  who  boastingly  claim 
to  have  acquired  talmudical  attainments  without  the 
least  knowledge  of  grammar;  l)ut  sucli  claims  are  to  be 
credited  no  more  tlian  the  pretcmsion  of  a  mariner  to 
determine  the  direction  of  his  shij)  ^\■itlJout  tlie  aid  of 
a  comj)ass ;  for,  what  the  com]>ass  is  to  tlie  mariner,  that 
is  the  grannnar  to  the  p^b  in  tins  ocean  of  the  Talmud. 
•  0)  The  imi)()rtancc  of  this  grammar  will  be  highly 
acknowledged  ]»y  every  scholar  of  Jewish  theology,  not 
oidy  in  regard  to  tlie  study  of  the  Talmud,  but  also  to 
what  concerns  the  i-eading  of  the  vast  literature  accu- 
mnlated  aronnd  Ihis  gigantic  work  dni'ing  so  nniny 
C(!nturics.     There   is   within  the  whole   range  of   our 


PREFACE    BY    TIFE    EDITOR.  Vll 

theological  literature  scarcely  one  writer  who  did  not 
make  use  of  the  talmudical  dialect,  and  there  will  ])e 
found  ever  so  many  j^assages  which,  hitherto  o})scure 
to  the  reader  for  want  of  a  theoretical  knowledge  of 
the  language,  may  satisfactorily  be  elucidated  by 
application  of  this  grammar. 

But  above  all  these  considerations,  this  book  owns 
yet  another,  more  intrinsic  merit  for  the  favor  of  all 
friends  of  Semitic  literature  and  for  their  permanent 
patronage.  This  merit  consists  in  the  facility  it  fur- 
nishes to  a  ready  knowledge  of  a  language  w^hich  not 
only  was  spoken  by  a  people  yet  in  existence,  and  in 
close  intercourse  with  almost  all  living  nations,  but 
which  also  embraces  within  its  sacred  folds  thoughts 
and  ideas  being  the  very  nucleus  of  our  present  moral 
and  relie^ious  life.  At  a  time  when  the  monuments  of 
dead  antiquity  rise  to  tell  us  stories  of  lost  ages ;  at  a 
time  when  the  sounds  that  rung  on  the  lips  of  nations 
forgotten  thousands  of  years  ago,  and  of  scarcely  any 
relation  to  the  conditions  of  our  present  life,  are  resus- 
citated and  remolded  into  their  original  forms — at  such 
a  time  one  can  hardly  be  al)le  to  plead  in  excuse  for 
dooming  to  silence  a  tongue  that  speaks  even  as  yet  as 
powerfully  to  the  very  soul  of  our  life  as  in  times  of 
yore.  Let  us  therefore  release  from  oblivion  our 
beloved  Talmud,  and  adapt  it  to  a  thorough  study  for 
our  youth  in  removing  every  obscurity  from  its  lan- 
guage through  the  light  of  a  grammatical  exposition 
of  its  laws  and  principles,  as  was  intended  to  by  the 
author  of  tliis  book.  And  should  the  feeble  efforts  in 
translating  it  into  English  prove  a  help  to  the  Ameri- 
can student  of  Jewish  learning,  such  as  to  enable  him  to 


VIU  PREFACE    BY    THE    EDITOR. 

acquire  a  clear  knowledge  of  the  Talmud,  then  the 
Editor's  fondest  anticipation  will  fully  be  realized. 

Considering  this  grammar  as  the  first  attempt  of  the 
kind,  the  reader  will  hardly  find  it  strange  that  the 
author's  opinions,  though  keenly  developed  and  sup- 
ported by  deep  erudition,  yet  often  lack  that  trait  of 
j)]ain  truth  which  alone  determines  the  reader's  mind  to 
surrender  Avithout  objection.  At  such  occasions  I — 
facile  est  i7iventis  addere — have  laid  before  the  reader 
my  own  views  in  marginal  annotation,  unsigned,  how- 
ever, while  the  author's  own  remarks  are  signed  by :  A. 

I.    S.    GOLDAMMER. 
Cincinnati,  February,  187G. 


INTRODUCTORY  REMARKS. 


CIIAFrER  I. 


The  Biblical  Clialdaic  is  that  language  in  wliicli  the 
following  chapters  and  verses  of  the  Scrii:)tnres  are 
written,  viz. :  In  the  l^ook  of  Daniel,  from  the  fonrtli 
verse  of  the  second  chaj^ter  to  the  end  of  the  seventh 
chajiter ;  in  the  book  of  Ezi-a,  from  the  eighth  verse  of 
the  fourth  chapter  to  the  eighteenth  verse  of  the  sixth 
chapter,  and  from  the  twelfth  to  the  twenty-sixth  verse 
of  the  seventh  chapter ;  further,  in  Jeremiah,  the  eipv- 
entli  verse  of  chapter  ten ;  and  finally,  two  words  in 
Genesis,  chapter  thirty,  verse  forty -seven. 

§  2. 
The  Biblical  Chaldee  is  the  oldest  relic  preserved  of 
the  ancient  Chaldaic  or  Aramaic  tongue.  Tliere  ex- 
ists besides  this  no  book  whatever  handed  down  to  us 
in  the  vernacular  idiom  of  the  earliest  Chaldeans.  As 
to  the  writings  knowai  to  be  the  Syriac  or  Chaldaic 
literature,  of  which  the  "  Peshito,"  a  version  of  the 
Scriptures,  is  the  oldest  work,  they  belong  mostly  to 
the  Christian  era,  and  are  written  by  Christian  au- 
thors.* 

*  C'est  done  aux  Juifs  que  nous  dovons  ce  qn'il  est  possible  de  savoir  sur 
I'ancien  idiome  arameen."  Renan,  hist.  gen.  des  langues  antiques,  ji.  214, 
which  translated  reads  :  "  It  is  to  the  Jews  that  we  are  indebted  for  all  that 
we  may  possibly  know  about  the  ancient  Aramaic  idiom." 


29  ENTRODUCTOKY    KEMAKKS. 

§3- 

The  Biblical  Clialdaic  is  written  with  the  Hebrew 
characters  furnished  with  the  Hebrew  vowels,  and  in 
accordance  with  the  rules  of  the  Hebre\v  grammar. 
There  occurs,  however,  occasionally  a  long  vowel  in 
connection  "v\dth  a  short  and  unaccented  syllal>le,  as  in : 
Kno^xa,  Ezra  iv.  12;*  snp^^a,  id.  v.  8;  vi.  2;  sn^n?, 
Daniel  ii.  49  ;  Ezra  v.  8 ;  «i?"i^3^,  Dan.  ii.  20,  23 ;  xn'pxw, 
id.  iv.  14;  -i^scuba,  id.  i.  7,  etc.;  ^^:ito%  Ezra  v.  14,  10. 


§4. 

The  Clialdaic  orthography  differs  from  that  <>f  the 
Hebrew  in  reirard  to  the  nne  furtive.  It  is  omitted  at 
the  n  preceded  by  "^12,  f.  i.  nn';'a,  instead  of  f^r?^3,  as  is 
the  case  in  Hebrew,  as  in  ??3^ri. 


§  5. 

In  th(;  Clialdaic  the  7'ap  has  the  peculiarity  of  con- 
tracting to  no  shorter  vowel,  Vmt  to  remain  unaltcnid 
(v.  §  ly).  It  is,  however,  omitted  at  the  end  of  words 
in  cases  where  tlie  x  disapi)ears,  e.(j.,  i<^)'^  hhig,  ??bi3, 
and  corresj)onds  generally  to  the  o'sin  in  Hebrew,  e.fj.j 
"1*1=111  generation,  bxw=b5<ic  :  inquiring. 

•  In  lat^r  editions  and  lexicons  tliis  word  has  been  changed  into  xnniiiNS, 
but  this  is  a  inorft  comij)tion,  as  Uio  form  C'Sa,  ST^-'Sa  (contr.  UJ-^^, 
NlJ-ia)  is  frequently  occurring  in  the  Chaldaisin  of  the  Tahnuds,  both  the 
YeruHhalmi  :  Taanith  iii.  4;  Chatrifra  ii.  1,  as  well  as  Babli  :  ncraclioth,  p.  22a, 
whfTe,  a(;fordinf,'  to  Anieh,  it  niUHt  rend  n'H  ly^Xa.  The  nieaniiifr  of  tliis 
word  is :  bad,  evil,  in  the  phyHical  as  well  as  in  the  moral  sense  of  the  word. 


INTRODUCTORY    REMARKS.  3 

§  6. 

The  "n  at  the  end  of  a  word  lias  the  quality  of  a  gut- 
tural letter,  so  as  to  be  preceded  by  o])eu  vowels. 

§^- 
The  "^  (Jod)   preceding  1\  and  !i,  as  suffixes,  is  gen- 
erally mute  ;  it  solely  denotes  the  plural  (§  14). 

§8. 

There  is  a  relation  between  a  part  of  the  consonants 
of  the  two  languages,  the  Hebrew  and  the  Chaldaic. 
The  lingual  letters  1,  13,  n  stand  frequently  in  the  Chal- 
daic for  the  dentals,  T,  2,  XO,  employed  in  correspondino- 
Hebrew  words.  So  also  are  used  in  the  Chaldaic  y 
for  3r,  B  for  S,  and  1  for  3  of  corresponding  Hebrew 
words.* 

§  9. 
The  letters  abs^  rwa  in-is  are  employed  in  the  Chal- 
daic as  servile  letters  for  the  same  purpose  as  in  the 
Hebrew,  with  the  exception  of  the  W,  which  is  used 
only  as  a  prefix  to  make  the  b-^rstJ-form  (s.  §  46). 

§10. 

In  other  Aramaic  dialects  the  1  is  used,  instead  of 
fi,  to  make  the  reflective  forms  of  the  verbs  (v.  g  42), 
the  first  radical  of  which  is  a  T;  e.g.,  I^^TX,  This  "i, 
however,  is  found  only  in  the  lectio  marginalis  (ma- 
sorali)  to  Daniel  ii.  9,  but  not  in  the  text.  They  also 
make    use    of   the    prefix    ^    to  express    the    relative: 

*  ^-ff-i  xp^a  I  beg,  Heb.   -i:ia  ;  ^ns,  Heb.  bn?  iron. 


4  INTRODUCTORY    RE:\rARKS. 

wliicli^  instead  of  the  separate  particle  '''7  in  tlie  Bibl. 
Glial,  for  the  same  purpose  (§  37).  The  j^refix  of  the 
■word  T?"!,  Daniel  ii.  31,  vii.  20,  is  considered  by  some  to 
be  such  a  particle,  which,  ho^vever,  is  incorrect,  as  will 
be  shown  §  36. 

§  11- 

The  letters  S^dI  Dn  serve,  like  in  the  Hebrew,  as  pre- 
fixes. The  n  denotes  simply  the  interrogative,  and 
never,  as  in  the  Hebrew,  the  demonstrative,  or  the  ar- 
ticle, or  the  local.  The  tt  signifies  :  of,  from,  out,  as  in 
the  Hebrew,  and  occurs  in  122T3,  Daniel  vi.  5,  and  Jere- 
miali  X.  1 1 ;  K?"ix^  :  from  the  earth  ;  the  word  "J^,  how- 
ever, is  generally  used  in  the  Bibl.  Chal.,  as  also  in  the 
Syriac.  The  1  signifies,  like  in  Hebrew,  the  conjunc- 
tion ;  Init  there  is  no  *i  conversive  in  any  Chaldaic 
dialect.  Tlie  D  ^  and  1  are  in  the  Chaldaic  of  the  same 
service  as  in  Hebrew. 

§  12. 

The  definite  article  is  denoted  in  the  Clialdaic   by 

annexing  tlie  x,  i)receded  by  a  f^p,  to  the  root  of  the 

word;  ejf.^  i*:^^  the  king,   s;'?'?^  the  kings.     A  noun 

endinir  with  such  an  additional  S5   is  said  to  be  in  the 

Htdtna  em])]i(iticiiH  (from  t/n(puLvttv'.  to  indicate),  while 

A\  ithout  it,  in   the   status  ahxolittun.     Sometimes  the  K 

is  substituted  by  a    n,  as  in  nrxn  :  the  head,  Daniel 

ii.  38. 

§13. 

The  laws   for  the  punctuation  of  the  Bibl.   Chald. 

wore   but  little  known  during  many  centuries ;    hence, 

llic  want  of  coiTectness  and  consistcncv  in  llic  dill'erent 

editions  of  this  idiom  (see  §§  1-i,  19,  29,  31). 


Tlu 
4.  i'o 


It  is  to  be  iindeistouil  that  the  above  wan 
are  not  contained  in  the  few  remnants  of  the 
had  originally  been  deficient  thereof.  The  sn 
ill  annbs,  v.  5,  their  God  ;  Dnn^iia,  in  their  hand 
name  (see  §  30).  There  are  in  the  same  c. 
].  n^r.b  is  also  in  Jeremiah  x.  11.  There  is  fo 
to  the  particle  b?,  upon  (see  §  122),  whicl 
The  following  words  are  examples  for  the 
backs  (parts  of  tlie  back)  ;  •^"'bji,  her  feet ;  rn'^^i 
over  her,  ib.  iv.  14  ;  v.  21).  Some  of  these  '^ 
with  a  V^p  instead  of  a  nns. 


Absol 
Const 
Empl 
Posse 


Absolntus, 
Constructus, 
Emphaticus, 
Possessive, 


Paradigm  of 
Singular. 

»!^.''n  animal, 

rii'iJi  animal  of, 

ittTTTi  the  animal, 

Tilin  mine  animal, 

^ni^n  thine  animal, 

nni'^n  his  animal, 

Nrni'^n  our  animal, 

■jiDn^'^n  your  animal, 

^inrii'^ri  their  animal. 


>r. 


as 


missinj 
missini 

missini 
missini 


CHAPTER  IL 


§n- 


TlicC'liiiMaii'  nouns  and  adjectives  have  four  forms:  1.  Ahsolutm;  2.  Constriwtus  ;  3.  Bmpliaticus  ; 
4.  I'ossesnive. 

§15-. 
The  Chaldaic  nouns  and  adjectives  have  two  declensions  :  I.  the  Masculine  and  i.  the  Feminine  gender 


Siiifjiilar. 
Aljsolutus,       VP.  time, 
Coustructns,     W  of  time, 
Emphaticus,  Si'iy  the  time, 
Possessive,       ''?7?  my  time, 
!i;w  thy  time, 
n:^?  his  time, 
Kri^y  our  time, 
■jisnr  your  time, 
•fireny  tlieir  time. 


Paradiom  of  the  First  Declension. 

Plural. 
T':^?  times, 
^!'^?  of  times, 
s;:-is  the  times, 
missing,  1  "=7?  my  times, 

g    missing,  2       ViV  thy  times, 

ajT?  her  time,       ^     T'l-'J?  his  times, 
missing,  ^     "JI^'T?  our  times, 

nussmg,  ^    r=''?'77  your  times, 

injns  theii-  time,  j        P""'???  their  times. 


SB 


missing,  my  times, 
missing,  thy     " 
aw?   her  times, 
missing,  our    " 
missing,  your  " 
imns  their     " 


It  is  to  he  iiiulei'stix>J  tliat  the  above  wanting  woril-forms  are  to  lie  coiisiilered  as  sueli,  Ijeeause  tlity 
are  not  contained  in  the  kw  remnants  of  the  Chaldaic  preserved  in  the  Bilile,  but  not  that  this  idiom 
had  originally  lieen  defieient  thereof.  Tlie  suffix  Tin  is  found  in  Ezra  sometimes  sulis-titnted  by  Bh  as 
in  annix,  v.  5,  their  God  ;  nn7"'3,  in  their  hand,  ib.  S  ;  rincsria,  ib.  10.  in  their  head  ;  Drinr.150,  ib,  ilj.  their 
name  {see  §  30).  There  are  in  the  same  ehajrter  found  even  the  words  nnb ,  obi  with  n  instead  of 
1.  uhrh  is  also  in  Jeremiah  s.  11.  There  is  found  no  noun  with  the  suffix  St:''—,  it  occiu's  only  annexed 
to  the  jiarticle  i?,  u])on  (see  §  12i),  which  is  taken  in  plural  form  »:■';?,  Ezra  iv.  12,  18;  v.  17. 
The  following  words  are  examples  for  the  suffix  rf-  ;  n''E;,  her  wings ;  n''30,  her  teeth  ;  n*'??,  her 
Ijiicks  (parts  of  the  back) ;  n'^?"i,  her  feet ;  n^i?u,  hei-  nails ;  '^''VIP,,,  her  ]previous  (beasts),  Dan.  vii. ;  n^'is, 
over  lier,  ib.  iv.  14  ;  v.  21).  Some  of  these  woi'ds  stand  iu  different  editions  of  the  Bible  incorrectly 
with  a  "psp  instead  of  a  nns. 


Absolutus, 

Constructus, 

Emphaticus, 

Possessive, 


Singular 
s;."'"  animal, 
n^'^ri  animal  of, 
SPvn  the  animal, 
•'nrn  mine  aninnxl, 
Sjriiin  thine  animal, 
aniin  his  animal, 
»:ni''n  our  animal, 
Tisrii"'!!  your  animal, 
'|'inpl''rT  their  animal. 


§16. 

Pakadiom  of  tue  Segohd  Declension. 

Plural. 
Xj^n  animals. 


nrn  animals  of, 

i«ni''n  the  animals. 

missing, 

ini''n  my  animals, 

missing. 

missing, 

« 

^ni^n  thy  animals. 

•A 

missing. 

-A 

nrvn  her  animal. 

% 

nnrn  his  animals. 

3 

missing. 

■■E 

missing. 

X 

a 

wri'in  our  animals. 

s 

missing, 

V: 

g 

missing. 

Ti^rn  your  animals, 

c3 

a 

missing, 

■a 

inni'^n  their  uuinial. 

linpiin  their  animals. 

V}^^- 

tinir  word-forms  are  to  be  considered  as  siicli,  because  tliev 
Chaldaic  preserved  in  the  Bible,  but  not  tliat  this  idiom 
ffix  lin  is  found  in  Ezra  sometimes  substituted  by  Dn  as 
I,  ib.  8  ;  onrsnn,  ib.  1 0.  in  their  head  ;  Dhnr.'ac,  ib.  ib.  their 
liapter  found  even  the  ^vords  DPib^  obb  with  D  instead  of 
und  no  noun  with  the  suffix  xr-,  it  occurs  only  annexed 
1  is  taken  in  plural  form  xrb??,  Ezra  iv.  12,  18  ;  v.  17. 
suffix  n-^_  ;  n-^E-j,  her  wings ;  «^''|T2?,  her  teeth  ;  n^a?,  her 
:t2,  her  nails ;  n^TSi;?,  her  previous  (beasts),  Dan.  vii. ;  fn^b?, 
Yords  stand  in  different  editions  of  the  Bible  incorrectly 


§16. 

ruE  Second  Declension. 


^1 


K'l'  animal, 


,^ 


<» 


their  aiiiiiiMl. 


Plural, 
'j^'^n  animals, 
riiTi  animals  of, 
xm^n  the  animals, 

T   T  •■  7 

Tii'in  my  animals, 
^Crn  thy  animals, 
•^rir"^  lii*'  Jiuimals, 
_•     ^<?f;^'^^  our  aninnils, 
.-^     'jiDni''n  your  animals, 
'jinr"!"'n  their  animals. 


■/. 

•A' 


missino; 
misyini*-, 
missing, 
missing, 
missing. 


C 
C 


THE    NO  UN.  7 

Strictly  taken,  there  is  in  the  Bibl.  Cliald.  no  in- 
stance of  the  suffix  of  the  third  person,  plural  femi- 
nine "jn .  The  only  words  found  with  this  termination : 
in-^r?,  Daniel  vii.  8 ;  in^?,  ib.  19 ;  insti,  il).  ii.  33,  41,  42, 
are  written  with  a  i ;  the  correction  ])y  the  lectio  mar- 
ginalis  to  "jH'^r?,  etc.,  is,  however,  the  form  used  by  all 
other  Chaldaic  dialects. 

§  1^. 
Nouns,  Avhich  in  the  Hebrew  have  two  Segols  (>?s) 
have  in  the  Chaldaic  x^iiJ  and  nns,  or  nitu  and  "^m*,  e,(j., 
5103  H.,  qo3  Ch.  ;  Db2  IL,  Dbs  Ch.  The  Heljrew  form 
isyb  is  changed  in  the  Ch.  into  bys,  e.g.^  utDp,  truth, 
H.,  t3t:p  Ch.  ;  vipn  H.,  tjpn,  power.  There  are  found 
in  the  Chal.  also  words  of  the  Segol-form,  but  they  are 
undoubtedly  Ilel^raisms,  e.g.^  tj^a,  king,  Dan.  ii.  10,  etc. ; 
Dbn,  dream,  ib.  iv.  2 ;  vii.  1 ;  D^^,  image,  ib.  iii.  5,  7, 
10,  etc. 

§18. 

Nouns  which  in  the  Hel>re\v  have  two  y^P  take  in 
the  Chal.,  for  the  most  part,  s^©  and  nns,  as  nra, 
H.  flesh,  nirn  Ch. ;  nnr  gold,  H.,  nn^  Ch. 

§  19. 
Some  Chaldaic  nouns,  having  NlTD  and  f"'2p  in  the 
Status  Absolutus,  preserv^e  the  same  punctuation  in  the 
Constructus  and  Emphaticus,  e.g.^  nbs  God,  ^^''at'  n'-s?, 
xnbs;  ni5io,  remainder,  bnn  I'o^sn  nsir,  remainder  of  the 
Babylonian  sages,  i«"?XTJJ ;  "'■i?^,  dignity,  "^nnn  ip-^bT  j  .^nd  to 
the  dignity  of  my  majesty,  i*7)??'    The  2>unctuation  of 


8  THE    NOUN. 

the  words  ^p^  Dan.  iv.  33;  ^5?«,  Ezra  vii.  18;  3^3,  ul. 
yi.  18  ;  -sn,  Dan.  iii.  25,  with  nns,  is  incorrect,  as  is  also 
reversely  the  V^ap  in  ann,  id.  ii.  32. 

§  20. 

All  masculine  singular  nouns  have  their  Constructus 
and  Aljsolutus  alike. 

§21. 

The  final  nns  of  the  Absolutus  is,  in  the  Emphaticus, 
changed  to  a  «i« ;  e.<j.,  :io?,  silver ;  MDO?,  the  silver ;  "ita, 
flesh,  ^yp: ;  so  also  is  the  final  ^12 ;  e.g.  obs,  image,  X^'pa?, 
the — as  also  the  D^n  ;  e.<j.  ^t^,  power ;  «Bpn,  the — ;  Ijut 
not  so  the  J^>  (see  §  19).  But  as  by  this  rule  two  5510 
Avould  meet  together  at  the  beginning  of  tlie  word,  the 
K10  of  the  first  root-letter  is  changed  either  to  the  vowel 
dr<)j»])ed  from  the  second  root-letter;  e.(j.^  C1P3,  XSC3, 
or  to  its  homogenous  vowel  as  in  ?|pri,  s^Epn,  or  finally, 
indej)endently  of  the  droj)ped  vowel  of  the  second  let- 
ter, to  a  pi^n,  or  nnc ;  e.g.,  iW3,  s<n©2,  obs,  s^abs. 

§22. 
To  form  the  singular  feminine  Emphaticus,  the  ^^  is 
di(>j)])('d  from  the  Al)solute,  its  ending  V^p  clianged  to 
KiTC,  and  tlie  termination  xn  annexed  thereto;  <?.y.,  K^'T?, 

§  23. 
To  form  tlie  ]»liiral  masculine  Absolute,  the  ending 
«-^  of  Ili(*  siiiLTiilar  I^Jii|»h;itic  is  cliaiiged  to  y—\e.g., 
xny,  V-v";  ^^''■'3,  V3-^  (witliout  wr^n).  To  form  the 
]>lura]  ('onstnictus  tlic  T  of  tlie  former  is  di()p])ed,  and 
the  pT'n  clumged  to  "^^i ;  e.g.,  ban  ^-cp-^ry. 


THE   NOUN.  9 

§24. 
The  plural  masculine  Emphatic  is  formed  from  the 
singular  Emphatic,  by  changing   its  ending   V^p   into 
nriD  followed   Ijy  \  which  is  furnished  with  TU^I   and 

pp;  e.g.,  xn^?,  »:^'}^;  ^s"?^,  «r=^^- 

§  25. 
The  plural  feminine  Absolute  ends  in  1-,  and  its  Con- 
structus  in  n_  ;  of  this  last  the  Emphatic  is  formed  by 
ending  in  xr- ;  e.g.,  ipi-o,  nr^ia,  xn^n^.  This  r'>=^?,  so 
peculiar  to  the  plural  feminine,  and  unchangeable  with 
the  suffixes  in  the  Chaldaic,  agrees  with  the  Hebrew 
nbin  w^hen  in  the  same  position,  as  in  nii'i^,  ''iD'i^']^. 

§  26. 
The  Possessive  is  formed  by  annexing  the  suffixes, 
i.e.,  one  or  two  of  the  letters  ^  D  1 3  x  n  to  the  respective 
Emphatics,  the  ending  ii-  of  which  is  droj^ped ;  thus 
in  each  declension  the  suffixes  are  annexed,  in  the  sin- 
gular nouns  to  the  singular  Emphatics,  and  in  the 
plural  nouns  to  the  plural  Emphatics.  In  the  j)lural 
masculines,  however,  the  nns  preceding  the  ■>  in  the 
plural  Emphatic  is  preserved  only  in  the  two  first 
forms,  viz. :  ^^^y,  ^^S"!?. 

§27. 
The  dual  ends  in  ']"J— ;  e.g.,  V*???  hands ;  T^^'^,  feet ; 
■J?!©,  teeth.     Excepted  is  I''?"'?,  eyes. 

§28.^ 
By  the   same   termination   is   formed  the  plural  of 
nouns   ending  in  N-,  or  TV-r. ;  e.g.,  n:5',  'j'^sy,  x^td,  'ji'n©, 

1* 


10  THE    NOUN. 

§29. 
Patronymics  ending  in  ''— ,  as  '''^ic?,  a  Chaldean,  as  also 
all  other  nouns  of  the  same  termination,  as  '^'0'7l??  the 
first ;  "^^y,  the  "fexalted,  form  the  singular  Emphatic  by  the 
termination  «;',  which,  however,  is  changed  by  the  lectio 
marginalis  to  nx ;  e.g.,  sn^?>  ^r^7P)  ^"^T^l,  the  fourth  ; 
xpjy,  which  is  read  by  the  Masorah  nsnirs,  n^^^p, 
nsy^an  ns^y.  The  plural  Absolute  of  this  class  of 
nouns  is  made  by  adding  VX  to  tlie  stem ;  e.g.,  r^i!^^'?^ 
Chaldeans,  and  the  plural  Emphatic  by  i?';' ;  e.g.,  ^'!'>^'}'i?, 
the  first  (kings),  Dan,  vii.  24  ;  S^^nsn,  the  sheriffs,  id. 
iii.  2 ;  i^^T^"^  ^.■'^??,  Ezra  iv.  9,  etc."^^  «::'7i??,  Dan.  ii.  5, 
10,  etc.,  is  read  ■'^?'^iD^  by  the  lectio  marginalis. 

§30. 

Some  feminine  nouns  end  in  the  Absolute  in  i,  or  ''— 
as  ^D'p'a,  kingdom;  "h'}},  dung-hill.  Nouns  of  this  class 
take  ri  in  the  Constructus  and  through  the  Avhole  declen- 
sion ;  e.g.,  n^Db^,  xn^sb^,  ""T^^d)^.  So  also  i^riih,  exile.** 
In  plural  the  1  or  ''  are  furnished  Avith  yop,  as  f^^^b)?, 
xni^b^a. 

§  31. 
Nouns  having  in  plural  a  feminine  termination  take 
pometimes  tlie  syllabic  n  or  ^,  though  not  existing  in 
tlie  singulai- ;  e.g.,  T'^'?^,  niy  fathei's,  N:nn3X,  onr  fathers  ; 
rn")2tt),  names  of  .  .  .  Ezi-a  v.  4,  where  the  n  is  incor- 
rectly furnished  Avith    nrt);  nnnnrTT,   ib.    v.   10,    alike 

*  Thfi  first  2,  of  X'^^n^,  fcho  'Rabyloniana  has  nPD  iiiKtcad  of  ycp,  a**  in 
fca,  and  as  found  always  by  tli(i  Syriacs.  (S.  S.  Kfrcm  T.  I.  last,  p.,  and  T. 
II.'p.  H.-,,  lOl.)  A. 

*♦  Th<!  fimt  y-cp  of  xnibl  in  uiK!lianf,'cable  (g  5)  ;  it  is  therefore  incorrect 
in  copying  XPl^J   Ci,  to  write  G'lotho  iiiKtcud  of  Golotho.  A. 


THE    NOUN.  11 

"WTongly  with  nns;  xn^^'^is?,  the  lions;  I^O'^^j  thrones. 
These  Avords,  though  masculine,  they  have  the  feminine 
plural. 

§  32. 
And  so  reversely  the  nouns,  n^^,  i^K^^,  thing,  word ; 
though  feminine,  they  have  the  masculine  plural,  )'0^. 

§33. 

Irregular  are  3S?,  father;  and  ^3,  son;  the  first  in  be- 
ing declined  with  the  suffixes  ''^s,  my — ;  ^^3S5,  thy — ; 
•'Hini? ;  and  the  second  in  having  the  plui'al  Y^  instead 
of  •j-'ns. 

§  34. 

Adjectives  and  nouns  apt  to  both  genders,  as  king, 
queen,  have  the  masculine  Emphatic  and  the  feminine 
Absolute  alike ;  e.r/.,  «T|i>%  Ezra  iv.  10,  noble,  is  the 
masc.  Emphatic,  while  in  Dan.  ii.  2  it  stands  as  the 
feminine  Absolute,  and  therefore  with  n  (?t^''|?!').  The 
use  of  the  n  as  a  special  indication  of  the  feminine 
gender  is  not  constant ;  there  is  JDan.  ii.  40  ^?'^t>0,  and 
ib.  42  iiS''I?nj  strong,  both  fern. 


CHAPTER   HI. 

PKONOUNS. 

§35. 
The  Chaldalc  personal  pronouns  are  n;i5  or  s:i{,  I ; 
np:x,  thou;  xm,  he;  K-^n,  she;  x:n:s<  or  n:n:x,  we; 
■j'^prs,  ye  or  you,  masc. ;  "J^iX,  masc.,  yi^,  fern.  they. 
"We  read  in  Ezra  v.  11,  iiin  ii:n:s5,  we  those,  i.e.,  we 
are  those  Avho  .  .  . ,  tliough  isn  usually  expresses  the 
Accusative  (see  §  110). 

§36. 
Demonstrative  pronouns  are : 


•          SiNC 

JULAR. 

Plural. 

Masc. 

Fern. 

Masc.  and  Fern. 

r 

11"^  Vthis 

T\  V  this 

?T^5<  V  these 

1?^) 

n'^K  ) 

?pT  is  found  six  times  in  Ezra,  v.  and  vii. ;  ^Ji,  six  times 
in  Ezra,  iv.  and  v.  ;  ]"1,  masc,  Dan.  ii.  31 ;  tl)e  same, 
fcm,  id.  vii.  20,  21.  Tlie  1\  m  ?n  and  ?f7  is  orii^inally 
tli(!  siiflix  of  th<'  possessive  pronouns,  second  juTson; 
likewise,  tliy  tliis.  Sucli  c()mj)<)siti<)ns  of  tlie  sulVixes 
with  the  pronouns  arc  common  with  tlie  Ara])ic  laii- 
t;u.'it^(!.  The  word  I?"!  is  a  comj)ound  of  ^^^  or  ^7  witli 
"jl,  the  st(uii  of  nr'n,  Ezra  v.  10.  nbx  is  read  bi<  by  the 
Masorah,  Ezra  v.  15. 


PRONOUNS.  13 

§37. 

'^'i  is  the  relative  pronoun  irrespective  of  gender  and 
number.  It  is  often  employed  to  denote  the  relation 
of  the  Genitive ;  <?.</.,  i^^T^^  "'1  ^'^i^'}^  the  head  of  gold ; 
i<0;^  "'1'  '^''''?^,  his  name  of  God,  i.e.,  God's  name;  a 
pleonasm  very  common  with  all  Aramaic  dialects. 

§38. 

ti;?  denotes  the  Accusative,  and  agrees  with  the  Heb. 
nx.  It  is  found  only  on  one  place,  in  the  word 
■j-inn;:,  Dan.  iii.  12. 

§  39. 
The  interrogative  pronouns  are  )'o,  who?  Dan.  iii. 
15 ;  Ezra  v.  3,  4,  9 ;  and  n^,  what?  Dan.  ii.  22 ;  iv.  32. 
They  are  found  also  in  connection  with  "''1,  following; 
e.g.,  •''^  113,  he  who,  Dan.  iii.  6,  11 ;  iv.  14,  22,  29 ;  v.  21 ; 
''T  n^  (that),  what,  Dan.  ii.  29. 

§  40. 
The  pronoun  ^5y^,  all,  forms,  when  preceding  a  noun 
bb  or  bs,  and  with  sufllxes  'J'inbDj   Dan.  ii.  38 ;  "jn^s,  id. 
vii.  19,  all  of  them. 


CHAPTER   IV. 

VERBS. 

§41. 

The  Chaldaic  conjugations  as  to  (fTi"^Ta)  are  the  same 
as  in  Hebrew,  except  that  in  the  Chaldaic  the  quiescents 
of  ^^  and  nj  have  both  one  conjugation,  as  this  class  of 
verbs  end  in  the  Ch.  in  n  as  well  as  in  s< ;  e.{/.,  ^'^'Q^  Dan. 
iv.  25,  and  n*Ji3,  id.  vii.  22.  The  ending  in  n  is  origin- 
ally a  Hebraism,  and  foreign  to  all  other  Aramaic 
dialects. 

§  42. 

There  are  five  verbal  forms  (u'lrDa),  three  of  the  ac- 
tive and  two  of  the  reflective  or  passive  voice.  They 
are: 

1.  ^ys  or  bp,  agreeing  with  the  Ileb.  bp. 

2.  b"'5'E),  agreeing  with  the  Heb.  bys, 

3.  b-^ycn,  agreeing  with  the  Heb.  b-^ysn, 

4.  brDrn,  reflective,  agreeing  with  the  Hel).  bys:, 

5.  byEnn,  reflective,  agreeing  with  the  Heb.  byenn 

§  4.^ 
Ah  tlie  Heb.  ])assive  voices  b^E  and  bysn  nic  Avanting 
in  tlie  Chaldaic,  they  are  substituted  l)y  llic  I'etlectives. 

§  44. 
Tliere   are    found  in   tlic   ])il)l.  Clinld:il<*  eleven  verbs 
inflected  according  to  the  Heb.  Joiiii  brcn,  viz.:  ^:)^rin, 


VERBS.  1 5 

I  was  re-established,  Dan.  iv.  33  (see  §  53)  ;  nn:n, 
he  was  deposed,  Dan.  v.  20;  1^570^1,  slie  was  de- 
stroyed, Ezra  iv.  15  ;  p'^r},  lie  was  taken  up,  Dan.  vi. 
24;  ^?n,  he  was  brought,  ib.  v.  13;  'i^yn,  they  have 
l)een  brought,  id.  v.  15;  n?in,  he  was  annihilated,  id. 
vii.  11;  ^^ri'^n,  they  were  brought,  ib.  iii.  13;  t^;ri''n,  she 
was  brought,  id.  vi.  18 ;  l^BC^n,  was  added,  id.  iv.  33 ; 
n^^pn,  was  made  stand,  id.  vii.  4,  5.  This  form  being 
foreign  to  other  Aramaic  dialects,  it  must  be  con- 
sidered as  a  Hebraism. 


§45. 

There  is  found  another  passive  form  in  the  Biblical 
Chal.,  which  is  foreign  to  other  Aramaic  dialects,  viz., 
b"':?B.  It  is  used,  however,  only  in  the  third  person, 
perfect  tense,  as  is  shown  by  the  following :  b^ipip,  he 
has  been  killed,  Dan.  v.  30 ;  TTj,  he  has  l^een  driven 
out,  id.  iv.  30;  v.  21;  n^b©,  he  has  been  sent;  n-^p-i,  it 
has  l^een  written  down,  id.  v.  24 ;  I'^n^',  he  has  been 
given,  id.  vii.  4;  rin^'n^,  she  has  been  given,  id.  vii.  12; 
in^n:*,  they  have  been  given,  Ezra  v.  14;  rc^ns,  she 
has  been  divided,  Dan.  v.  28 ;  TJ-'iia,  they  have  been 
plucked ;  ri^'^'J?,  she  has  been  taken  up,  id.  vii.  4 ;  ^nns, 
they  have  been  opened,  id.  vii.  10,  and  ^Jnss,  tliey  have 
been  tied,  ib.  iii.  21 ;  both  last  without  \  The  only  in- 
stance of  this  passive  in  the  second  person  is  i^rrpP, 
thou  hast  been  weighed,  id.  v.  27.  It  is,  however, 
without  ■>,  following  the  Hebrew  rule,  according  to 
which  no  quiescent  letter  (except  the  i5),  when  fol- 
lowed by  two  consonants,  is  admissible  after  an  accent- 
uated syllable. 


16  VE11J3S. 

§  46. 
There  is  in  the  Bibl.  Chal.  an  instance  of  the  b^BtD 
and  b^SPTTH  forms  (see  §  9),  (so  commonly  made  use  of 
in  the  Aramaic  dialects  and  in  later  Hebraisms),  in  the 
stem  bbs,  as  nbbDO'i,  set  it  np,  finished  it,  Ezra  v.  2 ; 
^bbDTC,  ib.  iv.  12;  vi.  14;  nbbDCb,  ib.  v.  3,  9;  r^'?=I?^»^  ib. 
iv  13,  16. — The  ©^"T,  peculiar  to  the  second  radical  in 
the  byB-form,  is  substituted  by  a  quiescent  letter  after 
the  first  radical  in  the  words  r^^'^°^?  being  supported, 
Ezra  vi.  3  ;  Sin^nj-'TCb,  to  deliver  us,  Dan.  iii.  1 7 ;  and  in 
K-'2'>iD,  to  finish,  Ezra  vi.  15.* 

§47. 
There  is  mentioned  by  some  writers  a  form  brspx 
as  a  passive  voice  of  bysn,  to  be  at  the  same  time  the 
substitute  of  byssrin.  But  tlie  bysnx  ai)i)lied  by  Ludo- 
vicus  de  Dieu  in  his  "  Grauunaticum  linguarum  orien- 
talium  inter  se  collatarum,  Lugd.  Batav.  1628,"  quite 
remote  from  ])eing  the  proper  form  (l???)  of  any  per- 
fect conjugation,  is  nothing  but  the  byenn  or  bycnn  of 
the  quiescent  or  defective  verbs  (s.  §  So,  and  my  Prole- 
gomcni,  ]).  117). 

§48. 

Tlie  forms  of  the  reflectives  generally  begin  with  n, 

*  A  Hiinilar  incident  occurs  in   the   Syriac  verbs  naip   R"d   ""3^0,   meaning 

i»2io  in  Ezra,  and  2thi5  meaning  antlJ   in  Dan.     There  in  no  ground  to  say 

(with  (JouHHct  and  GcHcniuH)  that   s"'S''ia    be  the   brciD    of  tlio   Hebrew    x^-i 

and  with  (Uikliger),  that  3T"<obethe  brciU  of  the  Arabic  3T"i~3Xt  =:  the  Ueb. 

-ni.     These  Htems  of  x^i^,  and  3T^  or  3!it  nrc  undoubtedly  aliens  to  the  Chal- 

daic,  but  w-cording  to  the  usual  change  of  sounds  (sco  p.  8),  tis^  may  bo 

rendered  in  the  Chal.  into  j<s^  and  311  into  3^   nnd  thus  appropriately  would 

read  in  the  form  byc^a:   X'^yO    2"'lia,    3"'"i"'a,   or   3*Tlt).  A. 

...  -  .     •■?        •  I '         .    ..?  - 1  • 


VERBS.  1 7 

but  sometimes  also  with  X ;  e.g^  tr\r^T\^^  cut  out,  Dan. 
ii.  45 ;  iu?;n«,  have  consulted,  id.  vi.  8.  Otlier  Chal- 
daic  dialects  have  in  the  tM'o  rellectives,  as  also  in  the 
b'^ysn  an  i<,  while  the  Bibl.  Chald.  has  it  constantly 
with  n. 

§  49. 
The  tenses  in  the  Chal.  are  the  same  as  in  the  He- 
bi'ew.  The  three  active  forms  have  two  participles, 
active  and  passive,  viz.,  the  participles  of  the  bp  have 
the  forms  of  b3?s  and  b^ys,  those  of  the  Vi^b,  the  forms  of 
b'lyc'Q  and  b?B^,  and  those  of  the  b^2?sn,  the  forms  of 
bysnia  and  b?Bn73. 


CHAPTER  V. 

CONJUGATIONS    OF   PERFECT    VERBAL    STEMS. 

§  50. 
Form  b?s  or  bp. 

PRETERITE. 

MascuUnc  Feminine. 

^k'^'?.,  I  have  killed,  wanting, 

pb-jp  or  n,  tliou  liast  killed,  wanting, 
b'Jp,  be  lias  killed,  nbipp  or  f^V^i?,  slie  lias  killed, 

i5:b-jp,  we  kave  killed,  Avanting, 

•j^nb'jp,  ye  or  you  have  killed,  Avanting, 
^b'jp,  they  have  killed.  ^b-jp  (Masorali),  nb-jp,  they 

have  .  .  . 

PARTICIPLE. 

Active.  Active. 

sing,     bup  [  sing.  nbi:p  ) 

,  ,       (  killinf>".  1         u  _  r  killiiiix. 

Passive.  Passive. 

Ring,     bvjp  )  sing,  nb^jp  | 

1       ..v„,-«  r  killed.  ,       .u,.,^  r  killed. 

FUTURE. 

Vjpst,  T  sli.'ill  kill,  wanting, 

b"jpn,  thou  wilt,  kill,  wanting, 

b-jp--,  he  will  kill,  ^^pn,  siie  will  kill, 

b'jp:,  we  shall  kill,  wanting, 

•j^b-jpn,  you  will  kill,  wanting, 

'j^b-jp;>,  they  will  kill.  I^'jp^  tliey  will  kill. 


CONJUGATIONS    OF    PERFECT    VERBAL    STEMS.  ID 


IMPERATIVE. 

sing,    ^'^i?  ]  (thou)  do  kill,     sing.  ^V^?,  do  kill, 
plur.  ^"^'Op  f  (ye)  "  plur.  wanting. 

INFINITIVE. 

b'jjp^,  to  kill. 

§  51. 
Perfect  tense:  Many  intransitive  verbs  have  ''^s 
instead  of  nns  (as  in  the  Hebrew  ^5",  etc.)  ;  <?.</.,  nnjp,  he 
came  near,  Dan.  iii.  26 ;  n^?%  thou  couldst,  id.  ii.  47 ; 
PD;?n^,  thou  becamest  strong,  Dan.  iv.  19.  Some  of  the 
same  kind  of  verbs  liave  pi''n,  though  without  '' ;  e.g.^ 
?lpni,  id.  iv.  8,  17 ;  ^nip,  id.  iii.  8  ;  p:?T,  he  cried ;  bs;',  id. 
vi.  21;  'ip^p,  came  up,  Ezra  iv.  12.  The  verb  ^S'^, 
though  transitive,  has  ■'12,  Dan.  ii.  10 ;  «:'?J<t^,  Ezra  v.  9. 

The  third  person  feminine  has  pT'n  with  the  first 
radical  in  npbp,  Dan.  vii.  8,  20;  l^spn,  id.  v.  20,  and  bir^o 
in  npB5,  went  forth,  Dan.  ii.  13  ;  siis  and  nrs  at  the  end 
are  changed  to  two  bl^D  in  ni^NJ,  instead  of,  rii'^s?  (§ 
54).  This  is  also  the  case  in  the  other  forms;  e.g.^ 
t^iprin,  ^P^D,  he  has  broken,  Dan.  ii.  34,  instead  of, 
nnrann,  np^n.  When  the  third  letter  is  a  guttural,  the 
verb  ends  in  two  nns,  as  in  nnDnirin  instead  of  nnDnirn, 

id.  V.  and  vi. 

§  53. 

The  second  person  masculine  ends  commonly  in  7^P  '■, 
e.g.,  n^T?i,  thou  hast  signed,  Dan.  vi,  13 ;  n^T,  id.  v.  22 ; 
nba^,  ii.  47 ;  r^^io,  id.  iii.  10.  So  also  in  all  other  forms ; 
e.g.^  pn?©,  nn^n,  n^iainnn,  id.  v.  23.     With  quiescent  S5 


20  CONJUGATIONS    OF    PERFECT   VERBAL    STEMS. 

in  i^Pfpr^,  icl.  v.  27.  This  'p2'p  is  constant  in  verbs  of 
the  TXi^  conjugation ;  e.g.,  ri^in,  id.  ii.  31,  34 ;  ri^rn,  id.  ii. 
43,  45;  iv.  17,  and  is  found  also  with  a  following  quies- 
cent n  in  "'r^;'Tn,  id.  ii.  41.  Like  P^t?]?  ending  in  ^5i^^, 
are  nin?,  id.  iv.  32 ;  mn;',  id.  ii.  23 ;  ^lspn^  id.  iv.  10, 
and  in  the  other  forms;  rinDPirnij  id.  v.  27;  P^?®*!^,  itl. 
V   22 

_  §54.  _ 
Verbs,  the  first  radical  of  which  is  a  guttural,  take 
in  the  first  person  nns  instead  of  a  p"^^*^,  e.g.,  ^T^i^, 
tTiJ.y.  A  similar  change  takes  place  in  the  third  per- 
son feminine,  as :  rin^x,  ri"Tny.  The  change  of  STO  and 
''132  to  two  ^"iJtO,  and  with  gutturals  to  two  nns  (see 
§  52),  is  found  in  rinstcn,  I  have  found,  Dan.  ii.  25,  in- 
stead of  nnsTSn.  The  nns  in  ri:pnn,  id.  iv.  33,  is 
undoubtedly  a  mistake  made  by  the  copyists  ;  it  ought 
to  be  ri:pnn  with  "^is,  meaning :  "  I  was  restored." 

§  i>5. 
The  third  person  plural  is  alike  in  both  genders; 
e.g.,  i^t:\  Dan.  vii.  20;  'iips^nx,  ibid.  8,  "they  were 
])lucked  up."  Both  are  icad  ])y  the  Masorah  nbD:^, 
^TP^f?*^-  '^''^  P  i'^  found  provided  (ju'obably  by  mistake 
of  the  ti-anscribcrs)  Avith  yiap. 

The  ''IS  in  the  active  j)articiple,  singular  masculine, 
AvhcTi  ])r('('('ding  a  guttural  or  the  sinuiguttural  "i  (i^  ()),. 
is  cliaiigcd  to  nro;  e'.y.,  nbB,  "  worslii])ping"  D.  vi.  17; 
nT2X,  "  saying." 

§57. 
Tile  j>aH.sive  i)articij>l(!  b'^3'B   takes  "^  as  a  distinetion 


CONJUGATIONS    OF   PERFECT    VEIIB.NJL    STEMS.  21 

from  the  other  ^yfi  (§  51),  in  which  the  P"i^n  takes  the 

])lace  of  ''"IX 

§58.  * 

Tlie  characteristic  sign  of  the  future,  third  person, 
feminine  jjlural,  is  not  ri,  as  in  Hebrew,  but  \ 

§  59. 

In  verbs,  tlie  third  radical  of  which  is  n,  "5  or  "i,  the 

p3j5   (^  ),  in  the  imperative  as   also  in  the  future,  is 

chaiiged  to  nns;  e.g.,  3?TaTDn,   nb©:*,    lao;',   ttJ^b^     inax.^ 

Jerem.  x.  11,  lacks  the  \  and  is  irregular;  a  Hebraism. 

§60. 
It  is  only  in  the  bp  that  the  infinitive  is  prefixed  with 
^ ;  e.g.,  '^'•7'^,  Dan.  iii.  2,  "  to  assemble ;  "  "it?b^'?,  id.  v. 
10,  "  to  interpret."  In  all  other  forms  the  infinitive  ends 
in  n  preceded  by  two  f^p. 

§61- 
The  suffixes  may  be  annexed  to  the  infinitive,  in  the 
same  way  as  to  the  nouns;  e.g.,  rianp^s^  id.  vi.  21,  "  and 
as  his  to  approach  ;  "  i.e.  when  he  was  approaching. 

§62. 

CONJUGATION    OF    PERFECT    VERBAL    STEMS. 

• 

Form  by?. 

PRETERITE. 

Mmculhie.  Feminine. 

mbrap,  I  have  killed,  \ 

P"?^P,  thou  hast  killed,  >-  wanting. 

bi?p,  he  has  killed,  ) 


22  CONJUGATIONS    OF   PERFECT    VERBAL    STEMS. 

Masculine.  Feminine. 

wanting,  we  have  killed,  \ 

wanting,  ye  have  killed,  j-  wanting. 

^bi2p,  they  have  killed.  ) 

PARTICIPLE. 

Active. 
sing.     ^Pi?^,  killing,  sing.  ^)^x^,  killing, 

plur.  VVcj)?^,  killing,  plur.  l^iapti,  killing. 

Passive. 
sing,    ^d;:^,  killed,  sing.  ^«^I?)?^,  killed, 

plur.  V^ta^^,  killed.  plur.  l^tfl?^,  killed. 

FUTURE. 

sing.       ^ip'^i^,  I  shall  kill,  wanting, 

bippn,  thou  wilt  kill,  wanting, 

bi?)?;^,  he  will  kill,  wanting, 

plur.        -I?;??,  we  shall  kill,  wanting, 

•jibcji^n,  ye  will  kill,  wanting, 

■jnbap^,  they  will  kill,  l^cjp;',  they  will  kill. 


sing. 


IMPERATIVE. 

bp;?,  do  kill,  ■''=P|5, 

plur.       ^bDp,  do  kill  wanting. 

INFINITIVE. 

nbDp,  to  kill. 

Tliis  form  is  eommoidy  called,  l)ut  inoorrectly,  byo;  cor- 
rectly  it  nnist  be  caHed  byc;  for  th(^  I'>il»l.  Cliald.  reads 
in  tli(!  tliird  ]K'i-son,  pei-feet  tense  ^"la,  ^bc3,  bbia,  bi2]?, 
Dric,  1^©;  ill  llic  active  parti(Mi>le,  bbiaia,  nnct) ;  in  the 
imperative,  usp ;   in  the  future,  bbl?;',  ST^C?;*,  while  with 


CONJUGATIOlSrS    OF    PERFECT    VERBAL    STEMS.  23 

1*12  there  are  found  ouly  two  instances  ^3]?,  Dan.  vi.  1 ; 
nnpni,  Ezra  vii.  17. 

§64. 

In  tliis  form  as  also  in  the  following  ^^^r?,  the  parti- 
cijile  active  is  distinguished  from  the  participle  passive 
by  the  terminal  vowel,  viz.,  the  former  ends  in  P">"'n  and 
the  latter  in  nnB.  This  distinction,  however,  takes 
place  only  in  singular  masculine,  othermse  they  are 
alike,  as  even  in  singular  masculine,  in  verbs  ending  in 
one  of  the  gutturals,  "i,  3?,  n ;  e.g.^  nat'a,  "Tnn^,  which 
may  signify  both  "  praising "  as  well  as  "  jjraised," 
and  is  to  be  ascertained  only  by  the  context. 

§  65. 

CONJUGATION    OF   THE    PERFECT    VERBAL    STEMS. 

Form  b3?&n. 

PRETERITE. 

Masculine.  Feminine. 

f^!?9I?n,  I  have  caused  to  kill,       wanting, 
i^^PI?!!!,  thou  hast  caused  to  kill,  wanting, 
bippHj  he  has  caused  to  kill,       t^^^ir'!',  she  has  caused 

to  kill, 
Npb'Jipn,  we  have  caused  to  kill,   wanting, 
■j^nb'jpn,  ye  have  caused  to  kill,     wanting, 
'ib'jpn,  they  have  caused  to  kill,  wanting. 

PARTICIPLE. 

Active. 
sing.     Vuipn'a,  causing  to  kill,  sing.  S5yu:pn'a, 

plur.  xh'^'^iyq^  causing  to  kill.         plur.   fr^pH''?- 


24  CONJUGATIONS    OF    PERFECT   VERBAL    STEMS. 

Passive. 
sing.    ^"^I?n^,  one  caused  to  kill,  sing,  ^^'^irri^, 

plur.  ]''bv;:n^,  many  caused  to  kill.      plur.    "iftppr^ia. 

FUTURE. 

b'j;:s<,  I  shall  cause  to  kill,  wanting, 
b-L?]:!?,  thou  wilt  cause  to  kill,  wanting, 
b-Jj:^,  he  will  cause  to  kill,        ^'JpP,  she  will  cause  to 

kill, 
b-c:|:3,  we  shall  cause  to  kill,     Avanting, 
•j^b-jpp,  ye  will  cause  to  kill,       wanting, 
.•jib-jj;^,  they  will  cause  to  kill,  '\)'^?1,  they  will  cause  to 

kill. 

IMPERATIVE. 

sing,    bci^n,  do  cause  to  kill,         "^btppn, 
plur.  ibtspHj  do  cause  to  kill,         wanting. 

INFINITIVE. 

nb'jipn,  to  cause  to  kill. 

§  06. 
Tliis  form  is  also  found  more  commonly  with  P'TTI 
(without  •<)  than  with  "'ns.  Tlie  following  words  arc 
found  with  the  former,  in  the  j^rcterlte  :  ^cabn,  ^'^')^^.,  "^T^nn, 
wann  ^pE:n,  ^pcn,  ^p'^^,  1''?'^^ ;  in  tlie  active  partit'ij)le, 
bcna,  bsT? ;  in  the  future,  bBCn^,  pT:nn,  p-jp.  Witli  the 
latter  the  following  words  are  found  in  the  preterite  : 
by:n,  pc:n,  nnin;  in  tlic  i)articij)h',  p'^n-a,  opnTS ;  in  the 
future,  bbun,  nnn,  nninn,  Q^p!??,  "cr?,  all  instances  of 
defective  stems.  In  vcrhs  of  })erfe('t  roots  tliere  is 
with  ■'"IS  only  one  instance,  tlic  iniju'rative,  nbT^n.  ^^^'lO? 
])an.  vii.   22,  instead  of  ^:crin,  ur  -ixnn,  is  a  Jlchraism. 


CONJUGATIONS    OF    PEllFECT    VERBAL    STEMS.  2o 

§67. 

The  n  as  the  characteristic  sign  of  this  form,  is  in 
the  participle  and  future  often  found  apj:)lied  as  well  as 
omitted,  as :  ns^ni?,  nsinnia,  bsTCia,  bjs^n;^,  p-^ni2  and  np-iia. 
The  like  occurs  as  a  poetical  Hebraism,  as  ^i^Tin^,  ?"^^'in;', 
and  also  in  prose,  niin^,  Nehem.  xi.  17. 

§68. 

CONJUGATION    OF    THE    PERFECT    VERBAL    STEMS. 

Form  b3?Bnn. 

Masculine.  Feminine. 

f^^'9i?*?'^?  I  have  been  killed,        wanting, 
nbt:|?nn,  thou  hast  been  killed,  wanting, 
bujpnn,  he  has  been  killed,        nbippnn,  she  has   been 

killed, 

Kpb'jjpnn,  we  have  been  killed,    wanting, 

•jinbpjpnn,  ye  have  been  killed,      wanting, 

^bi3prn,  they  have  been  killed,  wanting. 


PARTICIPLE. 

sing.     ^t2]?ntt,  one  being  killed,         ^^^i^fp'P, 
l)lur.  rbippn^a,  many  being  killed,     1^i3J?na. 


u  a 


FUTURE. 

^^P?^i?,  I  shall  be  killed,  wanting, 

biappnn,  thou  wilt  be  killed,  wanting, 

bp]::n'',  he  will  be  killed,  ^i?)?nn,  she  will  be  killed, 

^^pri3,  we  shall  be  killed,  wanting, 

•j^btppnn,  ye  will  be  killed,  wanting, 

■j^brapn;',  they  will  be  killed,  '^^I??f;l^  they  will  be  killed. 


26        conjugations  of  perfect  verbal  stems. 

i:mperatiye. 

sing.    Vjprn,  be  killed,  ^'P'^iff^n, 

plur.  iVj^nrij  be  killed,  wanting. 

infinitive. 
nb-jpr-,  to  be  killed. 

§  C9. 
There  is  only  one  instance  found  of  the  first  person 
singular  preterite,  and  it  ends  in  a  guttural,  viz.  HDncn ; 
its  plui'al  occurs,  and  has  pi'^n  without  "^j  unnnn. 

§  70. 

The  nns  at  the  first  radical  in  nb'j)?nn  and  nVifjinn  is 
a  slight  vowel,  i.e.^  it  takes  the  place  of  a  s^TO.  The 
same  is  the  case  Avith  the  nrs  in  the  j^articiple  ^^bI:)5n'a, 
and  in  the  future  "j^bipprin.  There  are  but  t\vo  instances 
of  this  nns:  x^mynis,  i^iaynp.  Coucernino:  mtiinn  and 
nnDnch,  see  52. 

§  '1- 

The  future  is  found  with  "'"is,  *i3?n';>  (and  in  verbs 
ending  in  a  guttural  witli  nns,  nc:n;i),  as  also  with  p'T^n 
without  '^,  psr^T?!?.  The  ri  of  this  form,  like  in  the  lleb., 
takes  its    position  after  tlie   first  radical,   Avlien  a    t?; 

§  72. 
conjugation  of  the  perfect  verbal  stem. 

Form  ^V^rT}. 

I'RETERrrE. 

Mm^ciiUne.  Feminine. 

rbD|5rn,  I  luive  kilh'd  myself,         wanting, 
pbcppn,  tliou  liast  killed  thyself,  wanting, 
i5L)j:rn^  he  has  killed  Iiiniscli',       rbrpprn,  slic  has  killed 

herself, 


CONJUGATIONS    OF    PERFECT    VERBAL    STEMS.  27 

s:bt2)?!nri,  we  have  killed  ourselves,  wanting, 
^inbrspnn,  ye  have  killed  yourselves,  wanting, 

'tbDjjnri,  they  have  killed  them. 

selves,  wanting. 

PARTICIPLE. 

sing.    bi2)5n'a,  killing  oneself,  s«r^l?f?^,       "         " 

plur.  pbrapniSj  killing  themselves,     "jb^i^ri^, 


u  u 


FUTURE. 

bBi?n«,  I  shall  kill  myself,  wanting, 

bEpnPj  thou  shalt  kill  thyself,      wanting, 
b^I?!^l^  he  will  kill  himself,  b^j?rin, 

biapn?,  we  shall  kill  ourselves,      wanting, 

■jibcppnn,  ye  will  kill  yourselves,       wanting, 

•jibDpn;',  they  will  kill  themselves,  fbispri^. 

IMPERATIVE. 

'^t?p^r»,  do  kill  thyself,  ''^^pt;'??, 

^bDj5nn,  do  ye  kill  yourselves,  wanting. 

INFINITIVE. 

nbta^nn,  to  kill  oneself. 

Here  also,  like  in  the  previous  form,  the  characteris- 
tical  ti  follows  the  first  radical  in  case  this  is  a  tJ; 


/ 


CHAPTER  VI. 

QCriESCENT   VERBS VERBS     WITH   THE    FIRST    RADICAL 

QUIESCENT. 

§  T3. 
Verbs  beginning  with  the  ^5  radical  are  conjugated 
like  perfect  stems  whenever,  in  the  intiection,  the  verb 
begins  with  the  fii'st  radical;  6.^.,  pret.  brs?,  bDX,  "nax, 
nrs? ;  imp.  sing.  "Tasj: ;  imp.  pliir.  ^^"ax ;  imp.  fern.  ""bDi^, 
The  imp.  of  ^Ti«  occurs:  ^TX,  Ezra  v,  15. 

§74. 

But  whenever,  in  the  inflection,  the  verbs  of  this  con- 
jugation begin  with  a  preformative,  the  X,  in  the  bp 
becomes  quiescent,  preceded  by  ''12;  e.cj.^  "I'Cfi?^,  "i^s:, 
nrs'ab,  ^nns\  and  in  tlie  brsn  it   is  chanwd  either  to  "^ 

or  1:  e.fi.,  Ti^n,  T'lr^n,  n\-i^nb,  lainn  mninb  "i^a^n,  "scr^Tyti. 

.      §75.    ^ 
Verbs  beainninG:  with  tlie  radical  "'  are  likewise  resfu- 
larly  conjugated  wlienever,  in  the  inflection,  the  "^  occurs, 
in  bp  ;it  the  beginning  of  the  verl) ;  e.(/.^  ^i;',   ^^^^  ^?'7^ 

y^T-,  3^n;',  nn^n-',  "a^n^,  and  in  b3?Ern  and  '^rErn  at  tlie 
])egiiiniiig  of  tlie  syllable;  e.g.,  3n:'r^,  '^^a^:n^  ^"Jr,r?x. 
It,  however,  is  omitted  in  th(^  impel',  bp;  e.g.^  yn,  nn. 

§70. 

I>tit,  wherever,  in  the  inflection,  the  ">  is  the  initial 
neither  of  the  word   nor  of  the  syllabh^,  it  connnonly 


QUIESCENT    VERBS.  29 

is  cliangecl  in  tlie  ^^Bri  into  1 ;  f.^^.j^iin,  Sfiin,  wliile  in  tlie 
Isp  future  such  verljs  are  mostly  conjugated  like  verbs 
having  for  their  first  radical  3,  whicli  Nun,  sometimes, 
takes  place  actually,  and  sometimes  is  assimilated  by 
-oj^i  forte ;  e.g.,  ^isx,  y^fri,  ]^y^:^,  b^^,  b^n  (§  85). 


CHAPTER  VII. 

VEEBS    AVITK   THE     SECOND    R^VDICAL    QUIESCENT. 

Parndigm  of  the  conjugation  of  verbal  stems,  with 
the  second  radical  quiescent,  as :  D^p,  to  rise. 

Form  ^p. 


PEETERITE. 


MasG. 
r^P,  I  rose. 
P72)5,  thou  rosest, 

Dp,  he  rose, 
Avanting, 
wanting, 
i^p,  they  rose. 


Fern. 
wanting, 
wanting, 
rrnp,  she  rose, 
wanting, 
wanting, 
Avanting. 


PARTICIPLE. 

Active.  Passive. 

sing.    D2^p,  rising ;  D'^p,  risen,  wanting, 

plur.'j^^i<p(Masoralirt!;^p),  wanting,   wanting. 


FUTURE. 


n^X,  I  shall  rise, 
D^pn,  thou  wilt  rise, 
Dlp^,  lie  will  i'is(;, 
Cips,  we  shall  rise, 
7-C'pn,  ye  will  i-ise, 
'j''c-p;',  they  will  rise. 


Avanting, 

wanting, 

n^n,  she  Avill  vise, 

wanting, 

wanting, 

•jT29;»,  they  will  rise. 


VERBS   WITH   THE   SECOND    EADICAL    QUIESCENT.       31 

IMPERATIVE. 

sin<2j.    D^p,  rise,  "'^T?,  rise, 

plur.  ^'a^p,  rise.  wanting. 

INFINITIVE. 

Dp'o,  to  rise. 

§78. 
There  occurs  of  the  preterite :  Dp,  Dan.  iii.  24 ;  Q©, 
Ezra  V.  13;  ntsto,  Dan.  iii.  10;  n^io,  Ezra  vi.  12;  rsD, 
Dan.  iv.  30;  ^"aic,  id.  iii.  12.  The  instance  of  n^ir,  pre- 
serving the  V'ap  with  the  in,  may  warrant  the  extension 
of  the  stability  of  the  Aramaic  f'Qp  even  to  the  verbs, 
so  as  to  provide  "j^ri^p  rather  witli  7"^?  than  nn&,  as  also 
to  inflect  in  the  "^^snn  rather  rnajpnn,  niQpnn  than  n^appn 
and  rraprin.  •jTOi^n;',  Dan.  ii.  5,  is  another  instance 
showing  the  force  of  the  "J^^p.  So  also  are  punctuated 
by  the  Syrian  writers :  ri'Qp,  'jiri'ap,  V^^P  ^vitli  a  Zekofto, 
which  answers  to  the  7'ap. 

§79. 
Of  the  act.  particip.  there  occurs  in  the  sing.  DXp, 
Dan.  ii.  31,  and  plur.  V^i^?,  iti  iii.  3,  r^x-;  id.  id.  31, 
V:?XT  id.  V.  19,  read  by  the  Masorah :  V^;'p,  T^':%  'j-'y-T, 
with  a  Kamez  snn.  The  Syrian  w^rites  QSp,  and  reads 
d::P  ;  it  is,  however,  written  T's^'p,  I'o^'p  with  Yod. 

§80. 
Of  the  pass,  particip.  there  occurs  ^T^  D'^tj?,  Dan.  iii. 
29,  "  commandment  is  given."     Of  '3^2?B   there  is  as  a 
preterite  D"'T0,  Ezra  v.   17,  "has  been  established,"  and 
the  irregular  n^io,  Dan.  vi.  18,  "has  been  put." 


32       VERBS    WITH   THE    SECOND    RADICAL    QUIESCENT. 


§81. 
Of  -3?S  there  is  found  only  the  infinitive  :  "^^p^,  Dan. 
vi.  8.    A  similar  Yod  occui's  usually  in  the  other  Aram, 
dialects,  and  in  the  Rabb.  Heb.  as  also  in  the  Bib.  Ileb. ; 
e.cj.^  "^rp^:^  Ts-  cxix.  lOG;  D^:^^"ii,  Jerem.  xvi.  16. 

§82. 
Of  the  quadriliteral   form  there  is  found  only  one 
instance  in  the  word  n^aiai-inn,  Dan.  v.  23,  of  ii>,  and  in 
the  only  word  maimrx,  id.  vi.  16  of  2?i>;  both  are  prob- 
ably Hebraisms. 

§83. 

CONJUGATION    OF   THE    'iV. 

Form  bysn. 


PRETERITE. 

Masculine. 
M')?"*;:^;,  I  have  caused  to  rise, 
3?^"'I?r|,  tliou  hast  caused  to  rise, 

D"'j;;n,  lie  has  caused  to  rise, 
Avantim^, 
waiitini:;, 
^'a"'pn,  they  have  caus(;d  to  rise. 


JFeminiiie. 


1' wanting. 


PARTICIPLE. 

Active. 
D-'pnia,  one  causing  to  rise. 


FUTURE. 

D^p5«,  T  sliall  cause  to  rise,  wanting, 
D"'pP,  tlion  wilt  cause  to  rise,  wanting, 
D^p;*,  he  will  cause  to  rise,      D-^pp,  slie  will  cause  to  rise, 


VERBS    WITH   THE    SECOND    RADICAL    QUIESCENT.       33 

C^p?,  we  shall  cause  to  rise,  wanting, 
•jTO-^pn,  ye  will  cause  to  rise,  w^anting, 
'j^'a^P"',  they  will  cause  to  rise.  T'S'^p^  they  will  cause  to 

rise. 

INFINITIVE. 

n^pn,  to  cause  to  rise. 

§  84. 
Examples,  iweterite :  D^prn,  Dan.  iii.  2,  5,  7 ;  vi.    2 
n-^nn,  id.  ii.  14;  n^a-^pn,  id.  iii.  12,  18;  nTs^pr;,  id.  iii.  14 
ia"^pn,  Ezra  vi.  18.    Fartic.  active :  D^'p™,  Dan.  ii.  21 
'jn''?^,  id.  vii.    2  ;  D^nia,  id.   v.  19,  with  f^P  transposed 
from  the  n  to  the  "d  is  an  exception.    Infinitive :  •^'JIH^, 
id.  V.  20.     Future :  tr^'^r>^  id.  vi.  9  ;  D^p;',  id.  vi.  14,  and 
with  the  n  :  n^pn;>,  id.  vi.  16. 

§85. 

CONJUGATION    OF    'iS. 

Form  bysnn. 
Masculine.  Feminine. 

PRETERITE,  Wanting. 

PARTICIPLE. 

Dpn^,  the  rest  wanting. 

FUTURE. 

Third  person  sing.     npn"*. 

Third  person  plur.  l^^pi^'^,  the  rest  wanting. 

§  86.  _ 
Examples  of  the  2}a?'ticip. :  Disn''?,  Ezra  v.  8.  \  future : 
DiBpi,  id.  iv.  21 ;  ^'oinn'',  Dan.  ii.  5,  and  with  p-'in  instead 
3 


34       VERBS    WITH   THE    SECOND    RADICAL    QUIESCENT. 

of  V^p :  VTPi?,  id.  vi.  9.  Lud.  de  Dieu  and  his  follow- 
ers consider  these  verbs  as  belonging  to  a  form  of  its 
o-svn,  called  bysni?  (see  §  47).  But  as  there  is  no 
instance  whatever  of  such  a  verbal  form  as  ^?sr)55  in  the 
pei'fect  stems,  neither  in  the  Bib.  Chal.  nor  in  the  purer 
ancient  Aramaic ;  moreover,  as  there  occurs  no  other 
form  of  the  ^?Enn  with  verbs  of  the  second  radical  quies- 
cent, neither  in  the  Chaldaic  nor  in  the  Syriac:  the 
above  verbs,  therefore,  seem  to  me  to  represent  a  spe- 
cial conjugation,  j^eculiar  only  to  imperfect  roots, 
which,  as  if  in  order  to  make  them  perfect,  are  pro- 
vided with  a  ti  preceding  the  two  stem-letters,  and  read 
Dpnia,  or  (as  spelled  by  the  Syriac)  Di^nma,  instead  of 
Dj^nia.  It  is  by  this  tendency  of  perfectioning  the  radi- 
cals, that  the  Nun  or  Dagesh  may  be  explained  in  the 
words  yjST?,  7n:n,  nn;^,  npiia  (§  70),  and  in  the  Hebrew 
the  TC5iT  of  Dn:*,  Di?^  etc. 


CHAPTER  VIII. 

VERBS    WITH   THE   THIRD    RADICAL    QUIESCENT. 

§87- 
The  third  radical  quiescent  letter  is  indiscriminately 

»  as  well  as  n.     Other  Chald.  dialects  have  exclusively 

N;    tlie  Bi])l.  Glial,  however,  on  account  of  its  Hebr. 

character,  uses  commonly  the  n. 

§  8'5- 
Form  ^p. — Paradigm  n;3. 

PRETERITE. 

Masculine.  Feminine. 

tT'.?3,  I  have  built,  wanting, 

r.;^:3,  thou  hast  Iniilt,  wanting, 

n:3,  he  lias  built,  r;3,  she  has  built, 

Nr.:3,  we  have  built,  wanting, 

wanting,  wanting, 

i:3,  they  have  built.  wanting. 

ARTICIPLE. 

Active.  Passive.  Active.  Passive. 

sing.  n?3,  building,  n:3,  built,         «;':3,  building,  wanting, 
plur.  r.rs,  building,  y,i:i,  built,  'j:33,  wanting. 

FUTURE. 

r,:ns,  I  shall  build,  wanting, 

r.:3ri,  thou  wilt  build,  wanting, 

n:^:',  he  will  build,  n:3r\,  she  will  build, 

n:n:,  we  shall  build,  wanting, 

■jiznp,  ye  will  build,  wanting, 

'jisn;',  they  \vi\l  build.  wanting. 


36         VERBS    WITH   THE   THIRD    RADICAL    QUIESCENT. 


IMPERATIVE. 

sing.    "^23,  do  build, 
plur.  i:3,  do  build, 

INFINITIVE. 

«:n^,  to  build. 


wanting, 
wanting. 


§89. 

Examples  of  the  2)reterite :  x^a,  Dan.  ii.  10,  49;  nni?, 
Ezra  V.  3;  Kin,  id.  v.  11;  Dan.  vi.  11;  vii.  13;  nin, 
Dan.  iv.  2G ;  v.  19;  vi.  4,  15;  n^'Tn,  id.  iv.  17;  n^in,  id. 
ii.  31  (and  the  irregular  n^n"),  id.  iv.  19  instead  of 
r^nn) ;  n^rri,  id.  ii.  26 ;  n^nn,  id.  iv.  1;  nnti,  id.  ii.  34;  nin, 
id.  ii.  35;  n:y,  id.  v.  10;  nn?,  id.  iv.  28;  nxbia,  id.  ii.  35; 
nnn,  Tuna,  id.  iv.  19;  iin,  id.  v.  19;  r.v,  id.  ii.  1 ;  i;©,  id. 
iii.  27;  xr^-i,  id.  iii.  24. 

Active partlcip. :  n:y,  id.  ii.  5;  nntt?,  id.  v.  1;  nya,  id. 
vi.  12  ;  njn,  id.  ii.  31  ;  x-^I?,  id.  iii.  4;  Nns,  id.  v.  19 ;  ^)>}, 
id.  ii.  22;  nbs,  id.  28;  r??,  id.  iii.  24;  T1^,  id.  iii.  27; 
r.^T?,  id.  V.  9;  r?5,  vi.  5;  r^©,  v.  23;  r??,  Ezra  iv.  12; 
n;:r,  Dan.  vii.  19;  n^^^7,  id.  vii.  5;  irsir,  id.  vii.  3.  Pass. 
X>articix)le:  n:3,  Ezra  v.  11 ;  N"^«,  Dan.  ii.  22 ;  nm  (■'^s-i), 
id.  iii.  19;  njN,  id.  iii.  22,  with  '^^2  instead  of  q-jn,  after 
the  Syriac;  ^c,  id.  iii.  25.  Future:  ^^^s^  Dan.  vii. 
16;  snpx,  id.  V.  17;  xaii):^,  id.  iii.  31  ;  Ezra  iv.  22;  nut?-'^ 
Dan.  iv.  S  ;  Nr3-,  vi.  8  ;  m^;',  id.  vii.  14;  x^:Pn,  id.  vi.  9; 
K.:cn,  id.  vi.  18 ;  r:^-',  Ezi-a  vi.  7 ;  T^m^^  Dan.  v.  2 ;  liij?^, 
id.  v.  15.  Tinperative:  ^l^n,  Dan.  ii.  4;  inx,  id.  iii.  26; 
i^n,  Ezra  iv.  22.  Infinitit^e :  Nip^a,  Dan.  v.  S  ;  fci^n-Q,  id. 
ii.  S  ;  simp,  Ezra  iv.  14  ;  Nici^a,  Dan.  iii.  20  ;  s:3T3,  Ezra  v. 
2;  xb73,  Dan.  ii.  47;  xraV,  Ezra  v.  2,  without  ^  isir- 
regular. 


VERBS    WITH   THE    THIRD    RADICAL    QUIESCENT.         37 


§  ^0- 
The  inflectional  termination  in  P"iito  of  other  stems  is 
changed  with  the  verbs  of  this  stem  into  Dbn  at  the  sec- 
ond radical,  viz.,  instead  of  ^S"0^  (^^'^I?)j  ^^V-    So  also  in 
the  imper.  and  Jutiwe. 

§91. 

The  termination  of  the  participle,  pliir.,  masc,  active 

and  passive  is  )'*—. 

§  92. 

The  preterite  of  ^"^l^s  (v.  §  44)  forms  ''pa,  '^^^3  ;  as  % 

Dan.  ii.  30;  %  id.  ii.  19 ;  ^i^,  Ezra  iv.  18,  23*;  Tan, 

Dan.  iii.  21. 

,   §  03. 
Form  bys. — Paradigm,  "i^?,  to  pray. 


PRETERITE. 


Mascidine, 
rrib^,  I  have  prayed, 
ri''^?,  thou  hast  prayed, 

"'Ips,  he  has  prayed, 
wanting, 
wanthig, 
T'^s,  they  have  prayed. 


Feminine, 


>■  wanting. 


PARTICIPLE. 

Active.  Passive.     Active.  Passive. 

sing.    i5l53?^,  praying,  wanting,  wanting,  i^^bs'a,  prayed. 
j)lur.  V^'STS,  praying,  wanting,  wanting,  wanting. 

*  It  is  therefore  erronous  to  read  the  annotations  of  the  lectio  marginalls  : 
i-ip  being  the  preterite,  it  must  be  read  inp  as  the  pass,  participle,  mean- 
ing "  which  is  read."  A. 

But  why  uot  n'lp  as  the  imperative ?  corresponding  to  "lege!  logaturl 
read  ! " 


38         VEEBS    WITH    THE   THIRD    RADICAL    QUIESCENT. 


FUTURE. 

N^?i«,  I  shall  pray, 

wanting, 

wanting, 

sbsp,  we  sliall  pray, 

wanting, 

V^^"^.,  tliey  sliall  pray. 


y  wanting. 


IIMPERATIVE. 


■    r.-7 

wanting. 


wanting, 
wanting 


§94. 
Examples  of  tlie  preterite :  "^3^,  Dan.  ii.  24,  49 ;  "^^n, 
id.  ii.  48;  n-^?^,  id.  iii.  12;  Tnir,  Ezra  v.  2;  Tso,  Dan. 
iii.  28.  Of  the  active  participle :  i«>?^,  id.  vi.  11  ;  x-iria, 
id.  V.  12;  V^'P^,  Ezra  17,  10.  Of  i\\Q  j^ctss.  partici][)le : 
N^'pirtJ,  Dan.  vii.  7.  Of  the /«/?/r6  .•  xnns?,  Dan.  ii.  24; 
»?n3,  id.  ii.  4;  lisTr-;,  id.  iv.  13;  1W,  id.  iv.  33.  Of  the 
imp. :  ''?^,  Ezra  vii.  25. 

§95. 
Form  of  brsn. — Paradijxm  ''b^n. 

•    :    -  O  ■  1     - 


IMIETEIIITE. 

Masculine. 
wanting, 
wanting, 

■•bjjri,  ]i(!  causcid  t(;  e\ll(», 
wanting, 
wanting, 
vbSHj  they  caused  to  exile. 


Weminine. 


wantmric. 


VEKBS    WITH    THE   THIRD    RADICAL    QUIESCENT.         39 


PARTICIPLE. 


Active. 
xbsri'a,  one  causing  to  exile, 
wanting, 


wanting, 
w^anting. 


V- 


wanting. 


wanting, 
wanting. 


FUTURE. 

wanting, 

wanting, 

n^^n;*,  lie  will  cause  to  exile, 

nbr^np,  we  shall  cause  to  exile, 

■jib.^nn,  ye  will  cause  to  exile, 

ifi^yrP,-,  tliey  will  cause  to  exile. 

IMPERATIVE. 

sino;.  wantino^, 

plur.  ib^n,  do  cause  to  exile, 

INFINITIVE. 

n^ibsn,  to  cause  to  exile. 

§96. 
Examples  of  the  preterite:  ""bsn,  Ezra  iv.  10;  "'O^n, 
Dan.  V.  13 ;  T^^n,  id.  v.  20  ;  vii.  12 ;  vn^n,  id.  v.  3.  Of 
the  active  jparticiple :  «;T^n'a,  n^iS'TO,  id.  ii.  21 ;  Slint),  id. 
ii.  23  ;  iiiiia,  id.  vi.  11.  Of  the  futiLre  :  n^nn":,  id.  v.  12  ; 
iJirn;',  Ezra  vi.  11;  ninnp,  Dan.  ii.  7;  p'nnp,  id.  ii.iJ; 
'j^'iyn^,  id.  vii.  26.  Of  the  imperative :  ""V^T}-,  id.  ii.  0. 
Of  the  infitiitive:  n;^innb,  id.  ii.  10;  n^Jicnb,  id.  vi.  9; 
♦^rsilT}"?,  icl.  V.  2.  I^Tyn-i  jjas  incorrectly  piiTO  in  some 
modern,  but  abi"in  in  the  older  and  more  correct  edi- 
tions;  so  in  that  of  Mantua  ("'TC  nn:'a) ;  in  the  Ral^bin- 
ical  Bilde,  Venice,  1517  ;  in  the  Bibles  of  Sancino,  1488, 
and  of  Brescia,  1494. 


40        VERBS    WITH   THE    THIRD    RADICAL    QUIESCENT. 

§97. 
Form  of  the  byBnn. — Paradisrm  '^isnn. 

••   :         •  O  •    ;    :    • 


PRETERITE. 


Masciiline, 

wanting, 

wanting, 

•':3nn,  he  was  built, 

wanting, 

wanting, 

wanting. 


Feminine. 


Y 


wantiniT. 


PARTICIPLE. 


N:3nT3,  one  being  built, 
wanting, 


wanting, 
wanting. 


wanting, 

■wanting, 

sisn;',  he  will  be  built, 

wanting, 

"jiianp,  ye  will  be  built, 

wanting. 


rUTURE. 

wanting, 

wanting, 

Kranp,  she  will  be  built, 

wanting, 

wanting, 

wanting. 


§98. 

E.\'anii)los  of  \\\{}, preterite :  "''^'Qi^P,  Dan.  III.  10.  Of  the 
imrticiple:  «:3r.i3,  K/j-a  v.  S.  Of  \\w.fufnre:  Ktinn-^, 
D.iii.  iii.  <; ;  «:3ro,  K/ra  v.  ir);N:2nn,  id.  iv.  i;5;  ''':^)5n^ 
D.iii.  V.  12;  'ji'Q^rr?,  id.  iii.  13,  the  last  incorrectly  with 
';>'\^tl  instead  of  abnn. 


VERES    WITH    THE    THIRD    RADICAL    QUIESCENT.         41 


§  99. 
Form  of  ^^Btpn. — Paradigm  "'ssrin. 


PEETERITE. 

Masculine. 
wanting, 
wanting, 

''a:nn,  he  prophesied, 
wanting, 
wanting, 
wanting. 

PARTICIPLE. 

sing.  Avanting, 

plur.  ■}■??? ^1^,  prophesying. 


Feminine. 


>-  wanting. 


[•  wanting. 


EUTUKE. 


wanting, 

wanting, 

i53;n;^,  he  will  prophesy, 

wanting, 

wanting, 

•jiajn"^,  they  will  prophesy. 


wanting, 
wanting, 
^r??r;iJ^,  she  will  prophesy, 


wanting, 
wanting, 
wantinc:. 


§  100. 
Examples  of  the  preterite :  ^s:nn,  Ezra  v.  1 ;  ■'?nu?N, 
Dan.  iii.  19.  Of  \\\q ]i)artiGi2Jle :  T'lnp^,  id.  v.  6.  Of  tlie 
future:  nwTS^,  id.  iii.  29;  N:rnc^,  id.  ii.  9;  r'sp©^,  id.  vii. 
28 ;  isn©:^,  id.  v.  10.  There  occurs  X  instead  of  Yod  in 
the  participle  fern.  ns?TC:n^,  which,  however,  is  a  Hebra- 
ism. 


CHAPTER  IX. 

VERBS    OF    WEAK   ROOTS. 

§  101. 

Verbs  beginning  with  Nun,  D,  retain  tlie  siime  some- 
times, and  are  conjugated  like  the  perfect  verbs.  So 
■jnpiab,  "jPfn,  Ezra  vii.  20;  1^:P>??,  id.  iv  13 ;  ripTznia,  a  par- 
ticiple in  the  constructus,  id.  iv.  15;  rij^nnb,  infinitive 
in  the  constructus,  id.  iv.  22;  pl}^^,  id.  iv.  13;  nj^crnb, 
Dan.  vi.  2-4 ;  pBsn,  id.  v.  2 ;  ^p2:n,  id.  v.  3.  Sometimes 
the  Nun  is  omitted  like  in  the  Hebrew,  e.g.,  !^l?n^  id. 
iv.  14  ;  bD-',  id.  iii,  16 ;  r^En,  id.  ib.  5  ;  'ip^B,  id.  16,  22; 
'ipDn,  id.  16,  22;  bstt,  id.  ib.  28;  nnn  from  rns,  descend, 
in  the  ^^sr?,  properly,  to  place  in  a  h^w  position,  hence, 
to  put  down,  to  prostrate,  Ezra  vi.  5 ;  V^'H'^'o,  passive 
jxirtia'jyJe,  id.  vi.  1 ;  I'^Pi?,  Dan.  vi.  1 1 ;  stp,  Ezra  v. 
15,  both  last  imj^eratlves.  The  form  rinx,  id.  16,  the  K 
with  Cfon,  is  of  the  root  riin,  ecpiivalent  to  nns.  • 

§102. 
Tlie  second  radical  wanting  in  stems,  called  gemin- 
ate, is  substituted  l)y  a  CM  in  the  first  root-letter  when 
])r('('(Mled  by  a  proformative,  e.g.,  in  tlu;  ^jysn  ;  np"n 
(pictcrit  3d  person  feni.)  instead  of  ^Pv^i,  Dan.  ii.  34; 
^P'T\^  id.  vi.  25;  p^ryq^  u\,  ii.  40;  np^ia,  id.  vii.  7;  p^n, 
id.  ii.  K);  "fPvri,  id.  vii.  23.  Sometimes  the  wanting 
letter  is  substituted  by  3  (Nun),  e.g ,  "^yin,  fr.  i'sr  enter, 
id.  ii.  25;  n'-yinb,  id.  iv.  3.  Tli<'  above  "icn  is  left  out  in 
"jrna,  infin.  bp  of  "Jin,  Dun.  iv.  24,  and  in  xn'o^  act.  partic. 


VERBS    OF    WEAK    KOOTS.  43 

in  ^ysn  of  '''•n,  id.  v.  19.'^*  It  is  found  also  compensated 
by  the  change  of  the  preceding  vowel  in  ?nri,  future  '^P 
of  yyi,  id.  ii.  40,  and  in  "'sbyn.  imperative  bysn  of  bby, 
id.  ii.  24.  In  5^^?!!!^,  infinitive  bs^sn  of  the  same  verb,  id. 
v.  7,  the  nns  is  changed  into  bir^o  by  reason  of  the  fol- 
lowing guttural  with  a  yop^  like  in  the  Hebrew.  The 
following  are  instances  of  geminate  verbs  inflected  like 
perfect  verbs:  S'inia,  active  participle  of  the  b^s,  id.  ii. 
40,  and  bbun^  future  of  the  bysn,  id.  iv.  9. 

§  103. 
But  in  the  inflections  of  the  geminate  verbs,  where  the 
first  radical  is  preceded  by  7io  preformative,  and,  con- 
sequently inapt  of  accepting  the  is^il  forte,  the  compen- 
sative Ti5!iT  is  placed  in  the  third  radical,  e.g.,  iia,  Dan.  iv 
11 ;  m?,  id.  vi.  19.  So  also  in  b?,  "  he  entered,"  id.  ii. 
10,  the  nns3  is  showing  the  b  to  have  a  I03ii,  if  not  pre- 
vented by  its  position  at  the  ejul  of  the  word.  So  also 
are  tlie  words,  wa-itten  :  "p^by,  id.  v.  8,  and  nbby,  id.  ib. 
10,  read  by  the  lectio  margirudis,  for  the  same  reason, 
rby,  nb?.  The  r^P  in  r^?,  though  follo\ved  by  tj:;^  forte, 
is  a  long  one,  such  as  would  be  in  V^^^,  corresponding  to 
V"i^s  (§  3).  The  w-ord  ^pn,  id.  ii.  35,  is  inflected  in 
accordance  with  the  quiescent  "ib. 

§104. 

An  instance   of   the   quadriliteral   bysmn    after  the 
Hebrew,  is  the  word  niainox  (§  81). 

*  In  the  edition  before  me  (Berlin,  1806,  revised  by  M.  Letteris)  it  reads 
inn,  the  oji  compensated  by  the  change  of  the  preceding  vowel. 


CHAPTER  X. 

ANOMALIES    IN    THE    CONJUGATIONS    OP    SOME    YEEBS. 

§  105. 

o 

bT«  and  ?I^n,  to  go.  Tlie  former  is  used  only  in  tlie 
^P,  and  then  only  in  the  ])reterite^  Dan.  ii.  17;  Ezra  iv. 
22  ;  id.  v.  8,  and  imijerativG^  which  reads  bis,  id.  v.  15. 
Of  the  latter,  there  is  the  participle  of  ^:?s,  '^brns,  Dan. 
iv,  26 ;  rPr^^,  id.  iii.'  25  and  iv.  34.  The  last  word 
shows  a  transposition  of  the  vowels.  ?Fbn  in  the  bp 
shows  an  aljlneviation  by  omitting  the  b,  as  ^n>2  instead 
of  ^"srjTS,  ^n?  instead  of  Y?r)"!,  Ezra  v.  5  ;  vi.  5;  vii.  13. 
Some  writers  suc^srest  a  verl)al  stem  tfin  as  a  root  for 
^ma  and  "jn^ ;  but  if  such  be  the  case,  then  the  future 
ought  to  l)e  T''^  with  \  The  suggestion  may  possibly 
refer  to  tlie  7^p  of  intt,  Ezra  vii.  13,  like^v-ise  Dpia  from  Dip. 
But  even  tlie  claim  of  the  T^p  to  tliis  jdace  is  very 
doul^tfid;  for  in  tlie  editions  of  14S8,  1449  and  1517, 
tlie  n  of  ^n^  is  provided  not  with  V^P  1)ut  with  nrD.  In 
in-*,  Ezia  vi.  5,  the  n  is  i)roperly  furnished  with  nrs; 
while,  the  V^ap  at  the  same  words,  id.  v.  5  and  vii.  13,  is 
occasi(Uied  merely  ])y  the  pauses  made  at  these  words. 

§  lOG. 
N'T^*,  Dan.   ii.    5   and    S,  is  ])robabl y  au  e(|uivalent.  to 
rbrx,  she  went   (s.  (I  laminar  of  the  liabyl.  Talni.  idiom, 

^  in7. 
nn:^,  to  give,  lacks  the  infniflre  iuu\ft(fn?'e  ;  they  are, 
however,  substituted  by  the  vei-b  ]n3  (v.  g  1(>1  j. 


ANOMALIES   IN    THE    CONJUGATIONS    OF    SOME    VEKBS.         45 

§108. 
b?;',  to  lie  able,  forms  regularly  bsn,  bs^'  (v.  §  70),  but 
b?^"*,   I)au.    ii.  10,    is    exceptionally    according    to    the 
Hebrew. 

§109. 

In  the  word  i5'o.?3,  Ezra,  often,  being  of  the  root  Tax, 
the  "I  as  the  last  radical,  is  apocopated  (s.  Grammar  of 
the  Bab.  Talm.  idiom,  §  7). 

§110. 
The  future  tense  of  the  verb  s«!in,  to  be,  occurs  some- 
times improperly  with  b  instead  of  the  preformative 
Yod,  e.g.,  xinb,  Dan.  ii.  20 ;  Ezra  iv.  13  ;  linb,  Dan.  ii. 
43 ;  ir^O^j  itl.  V.  17.  By  this  b  the  future  takes  for  the 
most  part  the  meaning  of  the  optative  or  imjyerative. 
Such  a  b  is  commonly  used  in  the  Arabic  and  also  in 
the  Talmudical  idiom. 


CIIAPTEE  XL 

VERBAL    SUFFIXES. 
§111. 

Paradigm  of  the  verbal  or  objective  suffixes :  tj!,  he 
has  kept. 

"ir^u::,  he  has  kept  me, 
^ly^:,  he  has  kej)t  thee, 

n-^-^D,  he  has  kept  him;  f^y^?,  he  has  kept  her, 
s:tj:,  he  has  kept  us, 
"jiDi'j:,  he  has  kept  ye,  you. 
As  for  the   third  pers.   plur.   there  is  in   the  Bil)l. 
Cliahl.  made  no  use  of  the  pronominal  suffix,  but  of  the 
independent  pronoun  iian,  e.g.^  iian  nninn,  Ezra  iv.  10; 
iTsn  ^bpa  sbi,   id.  v.   5,  or  "jiTsn,  as  "jiTan  nj^ini,  Dan.  ii. 
31: ;  Nrni  -jiisn  xirpi,  id.  ib.  35. 

§112. 

In   the  future  an  epentlietic  Nun   (3)  is  sometimes 

found  inserted  Ix^tween  the  verl)  and  its  suffix,  e.<j.^  ^f/^^ 

])aii.  ii.  11  ;  n-zn-',  id.  iv.  22;  '':i'=nTi,  i<i.  il).  2;  ^pT-^r, 

id.  iii.  15  :  nzp^ni  nsicnn^,  id.  vii.  23;  ni^ninx,  id.  v.  17. 

§  ll'*^- 
Tlie  termination  n—  of  tlie  hifimtine^  Avhen  Avith  a 

sullix,  is  cliani^^ed  to  ni,  f.<j.^  ^r^nrcb,  Dan.  vi.  21; 
nr-^b-inb,  id.  v.  15;  nn^.-Qpnb,  id.  vi.  4.  Willi  a  sufhx  of 
\\\v  fust  jH'rson  the  infinitive  takes  the  epenthetic  Nun 
0),  f-y-,  '^^77^"'?,  id.  ii.  2G. 


VERBAL    SUFFIXES.  47 

§  114. 
The  verbal  inflections  endini?  in  1  take  "'H  as  a 
suffix  of  the  third  pers.  masc,  e.g.^  "^n^l-ipn,  they  brought 
him,  Dan.  vii.  13,  from  the  jyi^eterite :  'iS'^pn.  The  same 
is  the  case  with  the  nouns,  as  ''ri'ins?:  from  ^nx.  The  ver- 
bal inflections  ending  in  n-  take  also  the  suffix  ^"^,  e.g.^ 
Tnia,  Ezra  v.  11,  fi-om  hds  preterite.  It,  however,  is 
changed  to  tt;?  when  annexed  to  a  verbal  inflection  end- 
ing in  n-  or  X—,  e.g.,  •^!'?^^,  as  he  desires  it,  Dan.  iv.  32 ; 
J^!^!''?^,  to  heat  it,  id.  iii.  19,  from  the  infinitives  ^55^^, 
XT'a,  resp.  to  will,  to  lieat. 


CHAPTER  XII. 


NUMBERS. 


§  115. 
The  cardinal  numhers  of  tlie   Bibl.   Chald.  are  as 

follows : 


Masc. 

Fe77l. 

1  ^n, 

mn  or  «in, 

T     •:       "                  T     -:7 

2  wanting,* 

3  nnbp  and  Knbn, 

4  wnnx, 

5  wanting, 

6  wanting, 

wanting, 

nir,    Dan.    iii.    1    and 

n©,  Ezra  vi.  15, 

7  n:?nt?,^ 

8  wanting. 

w^anting, 
wanting. 

9  wanting, 

wanting, 

10  nnir?, 

11  wanting. 

IT??, 

12  "lir?  •'ir^, 

wanting  till 

20  r"^??, 
30  rr^r?, 

wanting  till 

-  wanting. 

GO  T^it^ 
wanting  till 

100  nsTQ, 

1000  q^«,  XDbK, 

*  Tho  luimbor  3  maw.,  i.s  probably  -ji-jn,  .ice 
to  -iij5  ■'np,  13,  of  wliich  tho  Nua  iu  omibtoi 

ordinp  to  thn  fcm.   •,"'n"jn  ai'l 
1,  oa  thcHO  two  worda  aro  cou- 

troctcd  into  ouc. 

NUMBERS. 


49 


Ma8C.  Fern. 

10,000  ian,  plnr.,  I^^in,  lectio  marg.  'jnni, 
1,000,000  D^Bbx  nbiJ,  /^ciJ/o  marg,  V^ri?, 
100,000,000  -jini  ini,  lectio  marg.  inn-). 

There  occurs  p'nnbn,  Dan.  iii.  23,  witli  a  suffix.  Some 
of  the  old  Grammarians  read  the  second  ri  with  a  lOJiT 
forte.     See  "'W  nn:^. 


116. 


The  followino^  are  ordinal  nunihers  : 


Masculine. 
Sing. 

the  first,  ^^np  (§  28), 
the  second,  wanting, 
the  tliird,  ''n^bn, 
the  fourth,  "^rnn, 
emphatical  K'^:?-'m,  Dan.  iii.  25, 
lectio  marq.  nxs^'^m. 

f/  T    T         •     J 


Plur. 
'  wanting. 


Sin 


Feminine, 


corner. 


Plur. 


the  first,  emphatical  xn^'o'il?, 
the  second,    nrsn,  Dan  vii.  5, 
the  third,  nxn^bn,  id.  ii.  39, 
the  fourth,  x-'p-'n-i,  /^ciJzo  marg.,  nsy-'nn,  id.  ii.  40 ;  vii.  23. 
emph.  sn^iyinn. 


wanting. 


§117. 
The  words  srtn,  Dau.  v.  16,  29,  and  •'19^P,  id.  v.  7, 


50  NUMBERS. 

are  ap2:»ellations  of  a  certain  rank  or  dignity,  especially 
military.* 

§  lis- 

nyms  'in,  Dan.  iii.  19,  sisrnifies  seven  times  as  much, 
sevenfold.  Completely  it  should  }.)e  nrno  nn  by,  for  one, 
seven,  like  in  other  Ai'amaic  dialects,  V"!*^  "J^  ^?,  for  one, 
two,  «'.(?.,  twice  as  much. 

*  Equivalent  to  the  Hebrew  ;r•^b'CO,  Q'^^^tlS,  captain,  leader,  Exod.  xiv.  7 ; 
XV.  4;  Yarchi  takes  Tlbn  for  a  fractional  number,  and  intei"prets  ipbni 
tjbc  Kn'sbiaS)  he  shall  rule  over  the  third  paii;  of  the  kingdom. 


CHAPTER  XIII. 

ADVERBS. 

§  119- 
The-  adverbs  in  the  Bibl.  Chal.  have  no  special  ter- 
mination, and  there   occurs  only  one   instance,    rrirrp, 
Dan.  ii.  7,  showing  a  trace  of  a  peculiar  termination, 
similar  to  that  of  the  Hebrew  in  n^^iaisip. 

§  120. 
Adverbs  probably  original,  are: 

1.  T?1S{  and  r'ifi<3,  then,  soon  after,  hereupon,  soon. 

2.  isx,  not,  preceding  the  future^  which  tlien  takes  the 

meaning  of  the  miperative^  Dan.  ii.  24;  iv.  16 ;  v.  10. 

3.  ^bs,  Dan.  ii.  31 ;  iv.  7,  10;  vii.  8,  and 

l"i&?,  Dan.  vii.  6  (occurring  seven  times),  from  which 
is  derived  the  rabbinical  ""nn,  behold  !  lo  ! 

4.  ns,  liere. 

5.  xb,  uo,  not. 

6.  liy,  more,  yet,  Dan.  iv.  28. 

7.  n^n,  there,  Ezra  v.  17;  vi.   12;  n^n  p,  from  there. 

Gesenius  takes,  incorrectly,  this  n  as  n  localis  (like 
the  Hebr.  ^1)219). 

§  121. 
Adverbs  derived  from  other  parts  of  words  by  addi- 
tional syllables  or  without,  are  : 

1.  ^'7n"?'?7  Ezi'a  vii.   23,  of  uncertain  meaning ;  possibly  : 
diligently,  eagerly.* 

*  I  think  it  to  be  of  Pers.  origin,  compound  of  :    -A  which  means :  of,  from, 
by  reason^—  ^,  meaning:  in,  its  cwn,  in  itself.  (Locat.)and\;;,  meaning  to,  till 


52  ADVERBS. 

2.  '^i^'^s?,  there  is,  are,  from  n''55='0"'X,  a  being,  a  person 
(like  the  Hebr.'in;:  from  ir^s).  It  is  probably  the 
abbreviated  plural  of  V.^"'^  (li'<^e  the  Hebr.  ''Tsc  of 
■)"?']!!?.),  '"IS  ill  fiict  it  forms  with  the  suffixes,  like  the 
nouns  in  ])lural,  T^^^,  '^ri'i^'S,  Ti='n^5?.  ""n^s?,  is  to  be 
taken,  properly,  neither  as  an  adverb,  nor  a.s  any 
other  part  of  words,  but  as  a  complete  sentence,  a  cir- 
cumstance whicli  shows  the  great  antiquity  of  tliis 
vvoi-d.  The  meaning  of  '^n^^5  with  suffixes,  therefore, 
is  not  merely,  there  is,  but,  I  am,  thou  art,  he  is,  etc. 
Thus  bns  Ty^n^sn,  Dan.  ii.  26,  is  to  be  translated,  art 
thou  able?  T'nbD  s:n^x  5«b,  id.  iii.  18,  we  are  not  wor- 
shii)i)ing;  )^l^ry  T^^^'^s?,  id.  iii.  15,  are  ye  ready  ?  ''rr'S 
b-'D^  ic:r.bs,  id.  iii.  17,  is  our  God  able?  (see  §  111)). 

3.  xpscs?,  Ezra  vi.  12  a.  o.,  speedily,  fast."^' 

4.  s^i^ir^^,  constantly.  Therefrom  the  Rabbinical  i^"tP, 
according  to  Gesenius  from  "ii'i,  tarry,  last;  accoid- 
ino-  to  Kablji  Abraham  Lattes  from  iin,  return, 
viz.  in  a  j)eriodical  way,  as  in  Dan.  vi.  17,  21,  in 
ref'-ard  to  tlie  periodical,  and  not  constant,  daily 
prayers. 

5.  N'^n,  (Mpiivalent  to  the  Hebrew  «^n,  signifying  an  in- 

terrogation. 
T).  X"^^!  ^^'.m.  iii.  14,  is  it  true,  that  .  .  .? 
7.  -^ns  ("^T?X3),  like,  as. 

(Temp.)      V) .  J>  -A  :  "t  this  very  time,  on  the  spot.     So  also  is  :  o  \\a\  •   /'"'  '^•'' 

wr/i /<«/r,  fin  abbreviation  of  this  compound   in   llin  Turkish   l:inyuiigo.     (See 
FuadKfTendi'H  Osm.  Gram.,  Ch.  V.,  Sect.  LM. 

*  Probably  of  Pcrs.  ori(,'in  ;  comit.  Nprcx  (ATTraSaTat.  Dim].  R.  ii.  ""),  a 
namo  of  the  pod  llohniin  in  the  shape  of  a  horse,  as  this  animal  is  called  in  the 
Zi^nd,  Asp.  or  Aspli.  lint,  Asn  :  horse  is  tht!  Sanskrit  name  which  means  orig- 
inally, HiH'iit^  swiftness.     See  M.  Muller,  Science  of  Language. 


ADVERBS.  53 

8.  n:n3  and  I?  (from  Hr)?  so,  thus. 

9.  nin?,  Dan.  ii.,  together,  at  once. 

10.  nps,  Dan.  iii.  33,  how  !  how  very  !  liow  much  ! 

11.  ST2:3  (v.  §  104),  as  we  shall  say,  namely,  as  follows. 

12.  r:y3,  -jra,  Ezra  iv.  10,  11;  vii.  12,  and  n?3,  id.  iv. 
17  (J^??),  now,  presently.     ri3?3  and  r?3  are  applied 

in  introducing  a  sentence,  likewise,  "and  now,"  in 
English.* 

13.  T^)^)  and  ^'^'Q)^),  Dan.  ii.  44,  for  ever,  in  eternity. 

14.  x^^iiiJ,   Dan.  v.  9  ;  vi.  15,  24  ;  vii.   28,    many,  very, 
exceedingly. 

§122. 

Adverbs  com])osed  of  two  or  more  words  : 
nn  ^-}n^_,  Dan.  ii.   29,  4(),  and  nn  nnxa,  Dan.  vii.  G,  7, 

after  this,  after  which, 
nj^  ^^ip-bs,  Dan.  ii.  12,  24,  and 
nn   b^i^b,    according   to  that,    in  consequence  of  that, 

therefore,  likewise. 
■j'^ii*  "("a,  Ezra  v.  10,  since  that  time. 
n-'S?^  1^,  Dan.  ii.  8,  and 
•jirip  TO,  Dan.  ii.  47,  in  truth,  in  certainty. 
n:-i  n^-i;^  i^a,  Dan.  vi.  11,  and 
n:'^  ri'aij5t2,  Ezra  v.  11,  before  this  time,  years  ago. 
TIT}^  iy,  Dan.  iv.  5,  at  last. 
r\2  ny,  Dan.  vii.  28,  hitherto. 
173  "?,  Ezra  v.  IG,  until  now. 

V'     "  (  Dan.  VI 1.  8,  and 

T    -  :   T  -  T  -      -^ 

h-q)^  ny-i  nrby  i^,  Dan.  il.  20,  for  ever,  in  eternity. 

*  From  r:v,  time,  like  the  Ilebr.    rr,   which  is  also  applied  as  au  adverb. 
*m335"'  n?  "^3,  Hos.  xiii.  13. 


CHAPTER  XIV. 

PREPOSITIONS. 

§123. 

The  prepositions  in  tlie  Bil^l.  Cliald.  are  as  follows : 

3  As  a  prefix,  liaviug  the  same  signification  as  in  Heb. 

b  signifying,  the  same,  as  in  Heb.,  but  mostly  the  accu- 
sative,  e.g.,  ''a")  ^^T-i?,  ^^^r^,  Dan.  ii.  48,  the  king  ele- 
vated Daniel. 

^^ns,  Dan.  ii.  29,  with  suffixes ;  'iin^'ir:s?,  id.  vii.  24,  and 

irsa,  id.  vii.  G  and  7  (nni<3,  =  oip^a)  with  suffixes:  ^^na, 
id.  ii.  39,  after. 

V?,  id.  vii.  5,  with  suffixes,  "jnira,  id.  vii.  8,  between. 

2  ^T''^,  id.  ii.  34,  witliout. 

rinbj"^'  by,  close  to;  ^nnb  ya^  Ezra  iv.  12,  from  thy  neigh- 
borhood, i.e.^  from  thee,  like  the  Ilebr.  UVQ. 

"isb^  Dan.  vii.  25,  towards,  at  tlie  side. 

IP,  from,  with  suffixes  ^sia,  Ji:^,  M:Ta,  pn:)?,  iniia,  ■'su. 

^213,  Dan.  vi.  5,  from  the  ])art,  in  regard. 

'^^:,  id.  vi.  Tl,  opposite. 

"?,  until,  till. 

by,  up()n,  ))y,  near  by,  to,  Dan.  ii.  24;  vi.  7  and  K);  vii. 
1();  mor(!  tlian,  id.  iii.  19;  opjjosite,  id.  iii.  29;  v.  23, 
Ezra  iv.  b^ ;  on,  id.  il).  11,  17;  with  the  suffixes 
of  tlic  ])lnr;d  nouns  ''br,  ^^b?,  n-^by,  xpby,  ]in^b?  and 
nr.by,  Ezra  vii.  21. 

"jia  xby,  Dan.  vi.  S,  sujH'rior  io. 

*  Coutr.  of  nx^b  from  x"b,  conuoction. 


PREPOSITIONS.  d5 

Q3?,  with,  by,  next,  Dan.  ii,  11;  in  (in  regard  to  time), 

id.  iii.  38;  iv.  31;  vii.  2. 
b2pb,  bnp,  o})posite,  before,  in  tlie  presence,  Dan.  3;  v.  1, 

5 ;  in  consequence,  accordingly,  id.  v.  10;  Ezra  vi.  13, 

with  suffix  ^bnpb. 
D7)p,    l:)efove,    in    tlie    presence,    with    sufB.    ''?2'7)5,   'rfTa";-)^ 

{rp2-}p^,  Dan.  V.  23,  is  irregular),  "^ni^n;?,  n-^^s'ij^,  pn^^np^. 
n^P  ■J73,="'.:£bi3,  from  before,  Dan.  ii.  15 ;  vi.  27 ;  Ezra  vii. 

14,  with  suff.  '"■a'lp^"^,  ^niiGip-]^,  etc. 
Minn,  beneath,   under,  Dan.  vii.  26 ;  with  sufP.  ''ninnp, 

Dan.  iv.  9,  18. 
m'nn  ]i2,  Jer.  x.  11,  from  under ;  with  the  suif.  '^ninnn  )iq^ 

Dan.  iv.  11,  as  if  from  nnrn  )'q. 


CHAPTER   Xy. 

CONJUNCTIONS. 

§  124. 
Tlie  conjunctions  are  as  follows : 

nna,  but,  though,  surely,  Dan.  ii.  28;  iv.  12,  20;  v.  17; 
Ezra  V.  13.  Probably  from  the  Rabb.  ^"la  or  i5^-i3, 
meaning:  certainly  ("^^is),  like  the  Latin  conjunction 
verurn^  yet,  but,  from  vcrus.  Like  n^sa  of  tlie 
Mishna,  meaning :  yet,  when  following  "'D  by  ^is. 

*''n,  that,  as  [because;  used  in  the  same  way  as  art;  "it's 
and  "^3  in  the  Hebr.     Also  in  relation  to  a  sentencej. 

'''7  ^?)?."^3,  because  of  that,  for  this  cause,  for  reason  of 
that.  The  word  ^3  is  here  of  no  special  meaning,  and 
bnip-bs  seems  to  l)e  orio-inally  one  word,  forminir 
b3pb2,  like  tlic  Ral)l)in.  "^sbs,  ^si^bs  |"from  ''ES  bs,  in 
presence  of  all  that,  considering  that],  bap  bs  seems 
to  be  the  origin  of  msy'bs  in  Eccles. 

(■i-lD)  ^^9  xn,  I);iii.  ii.  43,  even  as  (^iiJita),  in  llie  same 
way  as. 

'''-}  '{0,  after  tliat,  therefrom,  Dan.  iv.  23;  Ezra  iv.  23  and 
V.    12. 

■17  r.-^.ZTf  by,  th:it,  in  order  (o,  to  the  end,  Dan.  ii.  30  7; 
•'*1  rrint,  i);iii.  iv.  1-1,  has  its  origin  in  tlie  ancient  us(; 
•  •I'  cli.iiiging  tlu;  end-consonant  into  the  initial  of  the 
following  word  wlieii  both  consonants  are  of  the 
s.'inic  n.itni'c.  (Sec  INoleg.  ij  108.) 

in,  if,  wlieii.  "i^,  in  -jn^rr  "jia^r-^s  Fm'^-  i>-">.  iii.  15,  has 
been  considerecl  b)  .s(jmt'  lo  be  the  llebr.  p,  Ijchold  ! 


CONJUNCTIONS.  57 

But  this  is  wrong ;  for  in  the  Aram,  it  never  has  this 
meaning,  and  the  sentence  is  to  be  translated,  Now,  if 
ye  be  ready,  etc.  (well !),  but  if  not,  etc. ...  A  similar 
ellipsis  is  found  in  Exod.  xxxii.  32.  szr.bs  in-^s  p, 
etc.,  ib.  ib.  17,  must  be  translated:  ...  "If  the  God 
whom  we  worship  be  able  to  deliver  us.  He  will  deliver 
us  from  the  burning,  fiery  furnace,  and  from  thy  hand." 
Tlie  king  having  said,  who  is  that  God  that  shall 
deliver  you  out  of  my  hand?  they,  considering  the 
i'es])ect  due  to  him,  did  not  contradict  directly,  but 
deferentially  answered :  If  He  will  be  able.  He  will 
deliver  us ;  but  even  if,  as  thou  sayest.  He  be  not  able 
to  do  it,  know,  that  still  we  shall  not  worship  the 
golden  image.  In  Ns^x  mnn  p,  Dan.  iv.  24,  "in  is  not 
altering  its  meaning,  but  it  must  be  taken  wdth  an 
ellipsis,  thus:  If  (thou  wilt)  that  there  be  a  length- 
ening of  thy  tranquillity. — 1^  .  .  .  "jn,  Ezra  vii. 
2G,  whether  so  ...  or  so  ..  . 

"jnb,  ci)  except,  unless,  oidy  if,  Dan.  ii.  11,  30;  iii.  23; 
vi.  6,  8,  13;  Ezra  v.  12  (from  in  jib  instead  of  xb  -jn, 
Lat.  nisi^  instead  of,  si  noii)  ;  h)  therefore,  con- 
sequently (l^b),  Dan.  ii.  0,  0  ;  iv.  24.^^ 

51551,  id.  vi.  22;  Ezra  v.  10;  vi.  5,  and  also. 

n-ab,  Ezra  iv.  22,  and  niab-^i,  id.  vii.  23 ;  that  not,  unless, 
like  the  Talm.  fi«^b^'7,  and  the  Hebr.  rsnh  and  n^bffi. 

r.72~by,  ^vhy  ? 

*  Tha  passages  quoted  in  h)  admit  just  as  well  the  signification  given  in  a). 

3-"- 


CHAPTER   XVI. 

INTEllJECTIONS. 


§   125. 

o 

sn,  Dan.  iii.  25,  find  sn  in  ''"19  sn  (§  23),  may  be  con- 
sidered to  be  interjections,  meaning,  lo  !  see!  behold  ! 


GRAMMAR 


OP  THE 


CHALDAIC   IDIOM 


OP  THE 


BABYLONICAL  TALMUD. 


CHAPTER  I. 

INTllODUCTORY    REMAIIKS. 

§  1- 

The  language  in  wliicli  the  Babylonical  Talmud  was 
written  is  called  the  Bahylonical-Talinudlcal  idiom^ 
and  forms  a  dialect  of  the  Aramaic  or  Chaldaic  lan- 
ti^uao-e. 

§  2. 

The  Ba])ylonical  Talmud,  though  very  large  in 
volume,  maintains  in  its  language  grammatical  unity 
and  harmony.  Its  language  is  characterized  as  the 
"  Talinudical  dialeotj''  from  which,  however,  the  dialect 
of  the  following  2:)arts  in  the  Talmud  is  more  or  less 
different : 

a)  A  great  number  of  passages  in  the  Mlslma  and 
Baraitha,  as  also  such  sentences  as  belong  to  Palestinean 
authors  (R.  Yochanan,  R.  Amea,  R.  Ashe),  wliich  are 
al)un(1antly  scattered  in  these  parts  of  the  Talmud. 
They  are  not  Aramaic,  l)ut  Hebrew  of  a  later  period, 
the  so-called  D^-aDn  -jiirb,  Rabbinical  dialect. 

l>)  Sentences  belonging  to  Pale^jtinean  sages;  they  are 
nearer  to  the  Tai"2:um  dialect. 

(?)  Some  pieces  of  notarial  style,  as  honorary  instru- 
ments, mercantile  contracts,  etc.,  being  also  more  of  the 
Targuni  dialect. 

d)  The  tract  of  Nedarim,  which  difFers  somewhat  in 
its  dialect  from  that  of  the  Bab.  Talmud,  as  has  been 
noticed  already  by  Rabenu  Asher  iu  his  commentary 


62  INTRODUCTORY    REMARKS. 

to  Neclarim,  p.  2),  saj-ing  n:TOi2  D-^n^s  'j^.TUb©  i?bs,  only 
that  the  language  of  Nedarim  is  different  (from  tlie 
common  Talm.  dialect).  So  also  is  the  tract  of  Nazir 
distinguished  by  its  use  of  some  of  the  phraseology 
peculiar  to  Nedarim.  The  linguistic  peculiarities  of 
both  tracts  pertain  to  the  Palestinean  dialect  (see 
§§  38,  47,  48). 

§3. 
As  to  its  wording  the  Talm.  dialect  uses,  besides  the 
Hebrew,  also  words  of  many  other  languages,  as  Greek, 
Latin,  Persian,  Syriac,  Arabic,  etc.  Concerning  the 
different  Talm.  dictionaries,  there  are  given  some  use- 
ful notices  l)y  Moses  Landau  in  his  preface  to  the  '^3"iy^ 
liTCb.  As  to  the  originally  Persian  words  in  the  Talmud, 
see  Adrian  Reland,  dissert,  miscellan.,  t.  IL,  diss,  ix., 
and  an  extract  thereof  in  the  DTi:?  iiid3,  Jahrgang  587, 
p.  76-79.* 

§  4. 
The  Talmud  consists  of  records  and  discussions,  relat- 
ing partly  to  the  doctrines  of  the  different  schools 
(academies)  in  regard  to  ritual  statutes,  civil  and  moral 
laws,  and  partly  to  matter  of  popular  nature,  liaving 
the  social  and  political  life  as  the  subject  of  consider- 
ation. 

§5. 
Li  (lie  doctrinal  parts  of  tlie  Talmud  a  great  number 
of  II(!l)re\v  words,  as  also  nniny  teclini(;al  terms  nnd 
designations  peculiar  to  tlie  nature  of  tliis  matter,  ai'c 
a})pli('d,  aiid  cxprc'ssions  originally  Greek,  as  found  in 
the  Mislmali,  iivv  profusely  emjdoyed.     Tii  tlie  sections 

*  And  of  later  date :  T.  Pcrlo'B  Etymologisclio  Studien. 


INTRODUCTORY    REMARKS.  63 

relating  to  popular  matter,  however,  a  great  variety  of 
exclusive  Talni.  words,  as  also  Persian  and  Chaldaic 
expressions  are  abundantly  prevailing. 

§  6. 
In  relation  to  its  grammar  the  Talmudical  dialect  is 
particularly  characterized  by  its  disposition  towards  an 
utmost  contraction  of  loords^  and  this  peculiarity  is  the 
ground  on  which  the  following  rules  and  regulations 
are  founded : 

7. 

1)  The  terminal  consonant  is  generally,  and,  when  a 
Nun  (3),  almost  always  omitted,  e.g.^  """iiaij:  for  T'l'sai?,  say- 
ing, partic.  plur. ;  S?213  for  "js"!?  ("JX  "J^),  wheref j'om  ?  ''S 
for  ri^3,  in  the  house  of  .  .  ,  (Germ,  bei) ;  s^'^x,  x)2"^n, 
fcW"':,  I  shall,  thou  wilt,  he  will  say,  for  n'O'^x,  nia'^n,  -i^^d  ; 
XV^T  for  TJ1T,  small ;  ^n  for  nw  (§97).  There  is  in  the 
Bibl.  Chald.  but  one  instance  of  such  an  apocoj^e,  viz., 
the  word  s^'??^,  Ezra,  often. 

§  8. 
Apocopated  words  change  either  the  i^iiu  into  a 
vowel,  e.g.,  ^pT;)  instead  of  D^p?!^,  she  will  stand,  i.e.,  the 
question  will  stand  undecided ;  or  the  vowel  into  a 
di})hthong*,  e.g.,  "^i^in  instead  of  f^*'!ir|,  I  was;  or,  lastly, 
the  KITE'  into  a  diphthong,  e.g.,  '^s'^'),?''?  for  I'i^s'D,  from  you ; 
^T^^-^pi  for  "jiniTa,  from  them. 

§9- 
The  suffixes  1  and  "^  are   often  omitted.     The  first 
with  verbs,  the  latter  with  verbs  as  well  as  nouns,  e.g., 

*  See  my  Prolegomini  and  my  Hebrew  grammar,  §§  17,  51.      A. 


6J:  INTKODUCTORY    REMARKS. 

^12  for  ^"i"Q,  my  master,  teacher,  lord;  'jn?5  for  ''5353,*  lie 
robbed  me  (Nedariui  02.)  ;  ni^s?^  for  ^-ii2i<.,  they  said, 
Avith  the  vowel  ^  transposed,  lu  the  Syriac  the  suffixes 
"1  and  "^  are  mute.  The  omission  of  the  suffix  "^  is  found 
more  frequently  in  the  Palest.  Talm.  dialect ;  thus  E. 
Yoclianan  says :  )-Q  'n-'^  ''^^^  is^-a  T^  ^^TJ)55  -"S  (Chag. 
15:),  If  I  had  taken  hold  of  him  Avith  my  hand,  who 
could  wrest  him  from  me  ?  instead  of  ^sn^n  and  ''Xsti.** 

§10. 
The  vowel  i  omitted  at  the  end  of  a  verb  takes  its 
])lace  before  the  last  consonant  as  in  "ii'as  (s.  §  9). 

§  11. 

2)  Many  of  tlie  monosyllabical  particles  are  joined 

eitlier  to  the  following  or  to  the  preceding  word,  e.(/.j 
^-:,  a  particle  which  in  the  Talm.  dialect  is  never  used 
fcei)arately  (s.  §  25) ;  ''S?,  wlien,  if,  in  N^-'n-'S,  if  thou 
Avilt  say  ;  n-^ya^s,  if  thou  desirest,  if  thou  requirest ;  5?n, 
beliohl,  yet,  but  yet,  as  n^nsn,  yet,  there  is  written; 
nrsn,  yet,  he  said ;  Nj?  (g  23)  in  n^s]?,  he  stands  saying 
(sta  dicendo),  lie  says;  sin,  lie  ;  i^^n,  she,  in  ^.i-Q,  ^3-0,  who 
is?  1^,  to  us,  in  i}}'>2,  wherefn^m  is  that  (known)  to  us? 
Avh(T(i  is  this  derived  from?  So  also  the  dissyllable, 
^zr^,  th(!se,  m  ^)>'Q  "'Sniii  instead  of  ''^^  ""-^  «f3,  wherefrom 
are  these  things  derived  ? 

§  12. 
^)  The  guttural   7  is  of  ten  elided,  CJj.,  n  f<^i"  >'?">'  ^'^ 

•  R.  §  03  A. 

♦♦  In  Uio  Talmud  edition  before  me  in  the  quoted  passage,   '^^^  is  found 

instead  of  •,«,  which  i)osHil>ly  may  be  justifiod  by  tho  transposition  of  the  K, 

similar  to  inox  luoutioucd  above. 


INTKODUCTORY    REMARKS.  Go 

set  (s.  '^TD-i,  Genes,  xxx.  38) ;  i<yt  for  xn^rt,  tlie  Little 
(surname  of  a  Ka]>lji  of  small  stature) ;  snaia  fur  i^^^^'a, 
ford,  fei-ry ;  «:rj  for  s<:?^i3,  burden  ;  «:7^2OT  for  sn:?  ■'xn, 
this  time,  at  present;  sriffin  for  snytc  sn,  at  this  moment, 
hour. 

At  the  besfinnino;  of  a  word  the  3^  is  often  ehano-ed. 
into  i?  (§§  21,  22).  The  n  also  is  sometimes  elided,  as 
■j?ii:  for  i<?n?s,  we ;  snn  for  s«nnn,  and  ''nin  for  "^riinn, 
under.  So  are  '^"("''''a  and  S5'^"i'^i5  probably  derived  from 
the  Targumic  verb  ^"ly,  corresponding  to  the  Hebr.  mp, 
to  ha])pen,  meet.  From  the  same  verb  are  deiived  in 
the  Mishnah  the  Avords  ''i^iS'  by  elision  of  the  last,  and 
5'"i''fi5  by  elision  of  the  first  y,  while  the  Talm.  dialect 
eli<ling  both  5?s  has  the  derivatives  ''"I'^'^'a,  '^'T'"'i?  instead  of 
riJ'&«,  y^ya  and  i5''n''i5  instead  of  syny^s.  Thus  i?^n^i5  "^x^ 
"^rm  (Nazir  9,  15,  28)  is  to  be  translated  what  hap- 
pened, that  he  repeated,  learned,  said  .  .  .  ?  The  word 
^:tii  is  often  sup})ressed,  e.g.,  D"^ncs  ''niy  s^n'^iJ  "^sa  (Pessa. 
50.),  r^s^no  i?n^i<  ^sa  (Nazir  25.).  So  also  m)  S5n  dW72  ^S5 
S^7"^5?,  if  only  for  that  (if  there  be  no  other  difficulty) 
there  is  nothing  met,  proved  for,  or  against  it.  So 
also  i5"'i"'X  '^l-^'Q  (Pessa.  60.),  is  there  anything  met,  i.e., 
agreeing  with  that  ?  or,  is  there  any  relation  between 
the  two  ?  The  same  sense  is  expressed  by  the  words 
''T^'^ii  and  '^I'^'^ia,  they  mainly  agree  with,  they  fairly  meet 
together  (^the  statements,  etc.),  but  the  opposite,  one 
does  not  concur  or  correspond  to  that.* 

§  13. 
The  1  is  sometimes  omitted  as  in  i5:^s5  for  iJS'ilS?  (s. 
§§  55,  63). 

*  Aruch  explains  "i-ii^x,  they  taught,  and  •'Tiia,  they  teach,  from  the  radix 

5 


66  INTRODUCTORY    REMARKS. 

§  14. 

In  the  Talimicl.  dialect  the  mode  of  expression  is  ex- 
tremely concise  and  brief.  Thus  single  words  represent 
often  whole  sentences,  and  the  alternation  of  persons 
speaking  in  the  dialogues  ai-e  very  often  to  be  under- 
stood by  mere  implication,  without  the  least  indication, 
while  words  indicating  conjunctions,  interjections,  and 
interrogations  are  often  entirely  omitted.  This  pecu- 
liarity of  the  Talnmd.  idiom  is  probably  due  to  the  cir- 
cumstance that  this  great  work  was  not  written  do^vn 
as  a  book  by  its  original  author  or  authors,  but  com- 
posed as  a  copy  of  the  discussions  and  discourses  as 
held  long  since  by  the  teachers  and  sages  of  old,  and 
preserved  by  way  of  traditions  in  the  memory  of  their 
disciples  and  followers,  who  at  last,  after  several  cen- 
turies, have  put  them  down  in  writing.  Everybody  knows, 
that  while  in  writing  any  word  omitted  would  greatly 
impair  and  confound  the  meaning  of  the  author,  in 
speech,  such  omissions  are  far  from  doing  any  injury  to 
the  sense  of  the  sentence,  and  may  therefore  fairly  pass 
without  consideration. 

§15. 

Tlie  orthography  of  this  dialect  corresponds  upon  the 

whoh;  to  its  pronunciation  regardless  of  its  etymology. 

Tluu-e  is  consequently  in  the  Talm.  dialect  no  room  for 

idle  letters. 

§10. 

The  Talmud  having  been  written  witliout  vowels,  use 
was  made,  instead,  of  the  (juiescent  letters  more  ex- 
tensively than    is  usually  the  case  with    books  wi'itteii 

xnx  or  -sx,  find  •,:iTj<  xpT2  0>-  K-  ^0:),  ua  alHot<■^-,J^  '^i-'a  in  tbo  acuse  of 
opposing,  objecting. 


INTRODUCTOKY    KEMAKKS.  G7 

witli  vowels.  In  the  Talmud,  therefore,  vowels  are  sub- 
stituted by  letters.  The  S  denotes  y"73p  or  nns,  e.q., 
''nsp  for  -i-ijp^  calling,  reading ;  'js'a  for  113,  who?  ''Snn  for 
'']n,  1  was.  The  Yod  (^)  denotes  p^^n  or  ^"^l^  e.rj.^  n^S'^'a 
for  niia,  from  him.  Two  Yods  {^^)  indicate  the  dipli- 
tliong  ai,  e.g.,  ns^^r^  for  ^'^^va.  The  1  stands  for  nb^n, 
p-TTU,  and  also  for  pnp  (J,  e.^.,  n^b^D  for  M?s,  all  of 
him,  it.  Two  Vavs  (11)  or  two  Yods  (^•')  often  signify 
that  lor  •<  are  to  be  read  as  consonantal  sounds,  and  not 
as  quiescent,  e.g.,  niniiBo  read  f^niBO,  his  lips,  x^^nx 
read  n^nx,  on  what,  which  ? 

§17. 

The  Talm.  idiom  having  been  at  the  time  when  it 
was  spoken  provided  with  no  vowels,  its  pronunciation 
has  become  at  last  uncertain ;  it  may,  however,  be  deter- 
mined to  some  extent  by  the  following  principles  : 

(i)  By  the  quiescent  letters  (s.  §  16)  ; 

b)  By  analogy  with  the  pronunciation  of  the  Chal- 

daic  and  Syriac ; 

c)  By  analogy  between  different  parts  of  the  Talmud 

dialect  itself ; 

d)  By  tradition  or  the  pronunciation  used  hitherto 

by  the  Jews  in  reading  the  Talmud. 


CHAPTER  11. 


PREFIXED    PARTICLES. 


§  18. 
The  letters  forming  tlie  words  "^sn  ^ssi  0)5,  are  used 
as    ])refix-])artic]es,   which,    divided    iiit(3    the   voweled 
letters  i?,  n,  "o^  jp,  and  the  imvoweled  2,  n,  "i,  D,  b^  furnish 
the  sentence  ^"1335  nia^px,  as  voces  memoriales. 

§  19- 
In  the  Talni.  dialect  the  n  is  not,  like  in  the  Bibl. 

Clial.,  used  as  an  interrogative,  hut  as  an  interjection  or 
as  a  substitute  for  the  adverbial  xn,  equivalent  to  the 
Ilebr.  s^bn,  l)eliold!  and  yet!  e.g.^  ^"^^r^?  y^^^  there,  is 
■written  (in  the  Script.)  ;  "irn,  yet !  we  repeat !  (the 
oral  tradition  of  that  doctrine  or  ])recept),  i.e.^  and  yet 
we  read  in  the  Mhhnali?  i^^^i^^},  yet,  tliei-e  is  a  repeti- 
tion, a  learning  (of  the  traditional  doctrine),  i.e.^  and 
yet !  it  is  tauglit  in  the  Baraitha?  '^'Q^'^^  yet  he  says !  ? 

§  20. 
n  is  sometimes  a  snbstitute  of  the  demonst.  ju'onoim 
fcm.  Nn,  tliis,  r.y.,  snrn,  contr.  from  sn:'C  sn  (s.  g  I'J) ; 
nn-^zn,  this  may  rest,  i.e.  tliis  might  be  riglit,  tliis  wonld 
do  il"  .  .  .  ;  nrrn  (s.  nrn,  Chapt.  VIII.  en<l),  tliis  will 
rest,  I.e.,  Iliis  will  do,  oi-,  wonld  be  admissibl(\  In  the 
^vol•d  sp-'^s^n  (^<  li>)  n  substitutes  the  ])ron.  masc.  "^sjiri. 

§21. 

N    is  a  snbstitute  foi'  tlie  ])rej)ositiou  ^7,  c.g.^  '^'^'^^  for 


PREFIXED    TATITICLES.  CD 

''^^'a  by,  for  what  ?  upon  what  reason  ?  wliy  ?  a^s?  for  b:? 
Si>,  np(Mi  tlie  back,  i.e.,  over,  upon,  on ;  sp2''is  for  ^55 
sm,  at  the  opinion,  intention;  i«3"'!?5?  for  N3b  by 
according  to  the  meaning,  sense  ;  ''l"'?s  for  "' j"^  by,  ]jy 
liand,  ie.,  by  reason,  by  help,  means,  etc.  Such  an  S  is, 
liowever,  omitted  where  the  ])receding  word  ends  in  N, 
l\T\v-\  spbo  (Shabb.  71.),  T^V^i  SjpbD  for  iryix  xpbo,  spbo 
)\ny-.>?,  it  might  come  up  in  thy  mind,  in  our  mind,  i.e., 
thou  ^vouldst,  we  could  believe. 

§22. 
Sometimes  X  substitutes  the  prepos.  ny,  e.g.,  "Tc^nx 
(Chagg.  5.),  till,  up  to  the  time,  when  he  was  small 
(young);  5?bms  (Pess.  113.)  for  iJbn^  'ly,  to  the  sand; 
m7^?«  (Ki(Ul.  30.)  for  1\T.  "^  ^^\  till  (to  the  time)  that  it 
is  in  thy  hand,  power ;  ^:n^x  ( Shal)b.  68 :),  for  ^irri  ";y,  till, 
as  far,  as  he  I'epeats,  learns  (followed  by :  rather)  ; 
^^V:  V?^'^'^.^  (Sanh.  33  :)  for  T\'p^m  -ly,  till  the  fire  burns  ; 
?lby  ?inii!pT3-is  (Abodah  Zarah,  58  :),  till,  thy  cloak  is  yet 
on  thee ;  xrE-^p^a^s?  (Berach.  (32  :),  for  — m  ^y,  till,'  as 
long  as  I  make  the  roun(labout•^vay.  It  is  seen  \)j  the 
(J noted  examples  that  the  omission  of  the  T  takes  ])lace 
only  with  words  l)eginning  with  ^,  where  it  is  compen- 
sated })y  Dagesh  forte;  otherwise  the  "r  is  preserved,  as 
••pn-ix  for  ^pn  ny,  till,  as  long  as  in  this  time,  manner, 
i.e.,  u])  to  this  time,  meanwhile,  in  the  meantime. ■^'' 

§  23. 
The    ]irefix    ^    stands   for   the  word   s^p,  l)eing  con- 
tracted from  ■'Sp,  which  again   is   an  al)])reviati()n  fi-om 

*  Neither  is  the  n  contr.  when    nr  is  to  be  taken  in  the  proper  sense  of 
until,  in  regard-to  time,  as  nnT  ^b  iir.TTi*  (B.  M.  1),  until  I  shall  have  money. 


70  PREFIXED    PARTICLES. 

DSj5,  tlie  active  partic.  Kal  of  the  verl),  D"'?  equivalent 
to  the  Hebr.  'i^^y,  standing.  This  partic.  may  be  used 
as  an  auxiliary  verb  in  connection  with  the  participle 
of  any  other  verb,  e.g.,  -i^s?)?,  "nas  ssp,  it2S{  ^sj?,  i)3Sn  dj5]5, 
ni3i55"i  ""oiy,  he  is  standing  and  saying,  he  says,  he  is  say- 
ing. This  particle,  however,  has  no  bearing  whatever 
upon  the  meaning  of  the  sentence,  and  as  it  merely  is 
employed  to  render  the  phrase  more  neat,  it  may  as 
well  be  suspended.* 

Such  phrases  as  "^HT  D5?|5  nin'^  (Yernsh.  Berach.  c.  II.), 
Avlio  was  tillino:;  rxT  D^s<p  HDibnii  mm,  "  and  there  was  an 
archont,  who  was  holding  court,"  found  in  the  Talmud 
Yeruslialmy,  show  clearly  that  such  was  the  mode  of 
speech  actually  in  use. 

§  24. 

The  particle  p  may  be  prefixed  to  any  ]iarticii)le 
regardless  to  gender  and  numl)er,  e.g..,  ''">''?^i?,  they  say 
(masc.)  ;  X7^X)?,  she  says;  p'cxp,  tliey  say  (fern.)  Sep- 
arately taken,   it  would   read  T'^^s  TP'^?)?,   ^^^^   ^T?Pj 

§  25. 
The  "J  substitutes  tlie  particle  "^1  in  all  its  significations 
(h.  Bibl.  Chald.  Gram.,  §g  ^7,  124). 

As  to  tlie  puiietuaiion  of  the  j)refi\es,  the  five  letten 
*:  T  n  3  b  JiaAc  a  S"©,  and  follow  j)robably  th(^  rules  of 
ilic  llrbi<'\\  jii-e\'ailiMg  with  3  b  D  1,  followed  likewise 
l)y  tilt-  i')il)l.  ('Iial.      The  S  and  the  n  have  ])riiiei])any 

*  This  particle  is  chiefly  cmployml  in  l.lio  inlftrro^ntive  an<l  jifliruiativc  to 
imik<i  f,Jir.  fx|ir<'KHinii  nion!  iMii|ih:iii(-.  ;  il,  ciirn.'Hpomls,  thougli  not  in  niouuiug, 
yet  in  ILh  upplicatiou,  to  the  English  auxiliary  verb,  do. 


PREFIXED    PARTICLES.  71 

nrB,  wlilcli  probal)ly  clianges  into  f^p  when  preceding  a 
guttural.  Tlie  "a  has  pi'^n,  like  in  the  HeLr.  and  the 
Chald.,  and  probably  changes  into  ni'^s  \vhen  preceding 
a  guttural. 

§27. 

There  may  be  prefixed  to  a  word  two  and  also  three 
diiferent  particles,  e.g.,  n^x^  "^sn^i?  (Berach.  8),  on  that 
(doctrine,  precept,  etc.)  of  Rabbi  Mair;  np?:  "'an-is  (il). 
4),  like,  as  that  (doctrine)  of  rabbi  Yacob  ;  i^^frinDb  (ib. 
11),  (in  relation  to  a  like  (doctrine)  as  has  been  taught 
(in  the  Baraitha)  ;  "'snp'^'a  (ib.  2),  from  that  he  is  teach- 
ing, orally  i-ejieating,  quoting. 


CHAPTER    HI. 

NOUNS. 

§28. 

The  staHs  emphaticus  ending  in  x  is  also  used  in  the 
Talmud  and  in  singular  number  even  more  frequently 
than  in  the  Biljl.  Chaldaic,  as  i5'i35  "^n. 

The  genitiv^e  Is  generally  denoted  by  1,  which,  how- 
ever, is  omitted  when  followin<»:  such  words  as  are  more 
frequently  used,  as  "12,  son;  ra,  daughter;  ""a,  ht)use, 
and  the  like. 

§  30. 

Nouns  and  prepositions  followed  by  the  genitive  i 
commonly  take,  like  in  the  Chald.  (s.  B.  dial.  (Jr.,  § 
30),  the  pronoun  suffix  merely  for  the  purpose  of  anq)li- 
fying  tlu^  ])hrase,  e.g.,  ciiiiini  fi"'"^?,  his  slave  of  Herod, 
i.e..,  Herod,  his  slave,  or  Herod's  slave. 

§  31- 

So  also  stand  fr^b,  to  him;  J^b,  tohei-;  "nb,  to  them, 
before  \v()rds  b(.'irinnin<j:  with  the  b  dative  or  accusative 
f(»r  no  other  use  but  merely  to  lill  out  the  ])]irase,  e.g.., 
n^y)2^b  n^b  ^.•as,  he  said  to  him,  to  his  servant,  v>.,  lie 
said  t<»  his  servant;  inrr^mb  nb  -»2S,  he  said  to  her,  to 
his  wife,  i.e..,  he  said  to  his  wife;  V3"*b  ^nb  spnn  -in  "'S 
(Iicracli.  (>  :j,  when  1  haxc  seen  thcni,  the  rabliis,  /.r., 
when  i  have  seen  the  rabbis.   A  similar  j)lconasm  is  often 


NOUNS.  73 

found  in  tlie  unnecessary  use  of  the  oljjective  suffix 
joined  to  a  word  preceding  the  accusative,  <?.</.,  fT'^ip 
n^lins*^  siy-ipb  n-^n-inxi  f^^icinbb  (Pess.  3 :),  he  tore  it,  his 
raiment,  and  turned  it,  the  rent,  backwards,  i.e.,  he  tore 
his  raiment  and  turned  the  rent  backwards. 

Tlie  masc.  plur.  non-eyn/pliaticus  ends  in  ''—  (like  in 

the  Syriac,  though  here  in  X—),  e.g.,  "^t^n^,  men;  '^'Q^^n, 

sages,  wise  men. 

§33. 

Some  masc.  nouns  plural  end  in  sni,  e.g.,  «ni^ffii"i, 
heads  (Kid.  29 :)  ;  i^niib-^b  (B.  M.  80 :';'  B.  Bath.  73 : ; 
Gittin  57.),  nights;  fi^C'^^cx  (Gittin  56:),  physicians; 
i^rnnb^n,  hosts  (Chuliu  GO). 

§  34. 

The  possessive  pronoun  suffixes  are  substantially  the 
same  as  in  the  Chahlaic,  with  the  difference,  however, 
tliat  in  the  Talmud,  dialect  the  singular  suffix,  first  per- 
son, singular  noun,  often  ends  in  ai,  like  the  first  person, 
plural  noun,  e.g.,  ^'^T)}  (Kethu.  63.),  my  vow;  ''N*?2D  (ib. 
77  :),  my  knife ;  ^i^nis  (ib.  105  :),  my  path  ;  ^«^jn  (Neda. 
62.),  my  quarrel;  ''55TCB3  (Yebam.  64:),  my  person.  So 
also  nouns  with  feminine  terminations,  as  '^iiPDi'n  (Kethu. 
77:),  my  place;  '^xn^*S,=:''i4rir"i  by,  according  to  my 
opinion. 

§  35. 

So  also  varies  in  the  Talmud  the  possessive  suffix  of 
the  singular,  second  person,  singular  noun,  f  I'om  that  in 
the  B.  dial.  ])y  ending  in  tj^—  more  frequently  tlian  in 
^— ,  e.g.,  ^j'^lD^'ab,  according  to  thy  statement ;  ^'^?''20,  thy 


74  NOUNS. 


sign,  mark  (mnemoteelinical),  (Pess.  20.) ;  ^''p'^CB  (Cliag. 

15.),  thy   verse;    typi"*!?   (Keth.   105:),  thy  business. 

There  are,  however,  many  also  in  ^— ,  as  ^3'^  (Pess.*24.), 

thy  teacher. 

§30. 

The  possessive  suffix  first  person  plural  with  the  noun 
singular  ends  in  "J"-,  e.cj.,  TP"??  CBeraeh.  11  :J),  our  cliap- 
ter ;  T^')yt  (^Sanh.  94.^,  our  country ;  ^n?^,  our  opinion. 

§37. 
In  the  Talmudical  ortliography,  excluding,  as  above 
said,  every  idle  letter,  the  silent  Yod  (*')  before  the 
suffix  ^  of  the  second  person  masculine  with  the  noun  in 
plural,  as  also  before  the  suffix  n  of  the  third  person 
feminine,  the  noun  plural,  though  written  in  the  Chal- 
daic,  is  here  always  omitted  ('s.  B.  Chal.  1)4,  §  14 J. 

§  38. 
The  suffix  of  the  second  person  plural,  with  the  noun 
in  ])lural  or  in  singular,  is  formed  ])y  '^3^—  instead  of 
p3—  and  I'iD—  C§  8^  ;  so  also  is  the  suffix  of  the  third 
person  plural  with  the  noun  in  j)lural  or  singular  termed 
in  ^n;'-  instead  of  "jin—  and  lin-^— ,  ^.f/.,  ^3'';^^"B,  your 
mouth  ;  '13"^;':7^«,  your  ears  (^Kethu.  112,)  ;  ^3^;'n3a  (Sliabb. 
140:),  your  men;  ^n-'';'n3Tri  CBcrach.  (*>.),  their  jn-aisc; 
'in-'i^is^bs,  their  cloak;  ^n^;''^?N  (W.  ^I.  .s;{.j),  their  wages; 
in-';:T2  f Sliabb.  i;38  :),  their  garments.  An  exc(^jiti(m  to 
this  rule  is  the  woi'd  bs,  all,  whicli,  thougli  j)r()i>erly  a 
noun,  has  ^nbs,  they  all,  all  of  them,  without  the  Yod 
C^),  after  tin;  form  of  the  ])articles,  inb,  to  them  ;  "ina 
in  them  ;  ^nt^i,  theirs.  The  termination  n  is  in  feminine 
often  eliunged   into  V,  C.<J.^  "^npOi?^"?,  their  (fem.)   head, 


"N^ouNS.  75 

snpeiintendent ;  ^p'^^^nn;?,  their  (f.)  baldness  of  head; 
''?"'!'n7?'  (Pess.  110.),  tlieir  young  ones.  The  suffix  ter- 
mination in  ]in  is  ]:)eculiar  to  the  two  tracts  of  Nedarim 
and  Nazir,  e.(j.^  finb,  Nazir  31.  and:  32.,  and:  38:,  44:, 
57:,  59.;  rn:]p->^,  ib.  39:;  pn^"^:,  ib.  49:;  lin^-i-ipia,  ik 
40. ;  lin?^,  ib.  52  : ;  r'n^a^,  ib.  59. ;  |in-^.r^3,  ib.  29. 

§  39.  ^ 
The  suffix  of  the  third  j^erson  singular  masculine  with 
tlie  noun  in  j^lural  is  formed  in  fi—  like  that,  with  the 
noun  in  singular, ^.^.,  rn^?n3,  his  feet;  f^^f^n.)  (B.  K.  117.), 
his  brows.  Termed  in  ^rc—  it  is  found  in  c:s?  "i^'i  'inibsn 
(Succah  53),  the  feet  of  the  son  of  man,  a  2:)hrase 
ascribed  to  R.  Yochanan  (s.  §  2,  c). 

§40. 
The  nouns :  ss,  father,  n55,  brother,  on,  father-in-law, 
are  (like  in  the  Hebr.,  Chal.  and  Syriac)  somewhat  ir- 
regularly declined,  as  follows  : 

Singular  Suffix. 
I.  person  iJas  (B.  M.  59:),     ^nx  ^^n,  my.  .  .  . 

II.  person  tjinx  (il:».  84),        ^^ns  ^i^n,  thy.  .  .  . 
III.  person  n^ns  '"•,  rn^ns  fn^'cn,  his.  .  .  . 

Plural  Suffix. 
I.  person,     "j^nx  (Pess.  31),  our.  .  .  . 
II.  person,  li^^ns*  (i^j-)?  your.  .  .  . 

III.  i)erson,  lininif:  (ib.),  their.  .  .  . 

It  is  proper  to  observe  here  that  the  nns  with  ^  is 
a  furtive  one,  under  the  same  rule  as  in  nin. 

The  plural  of  nx  forms,  like  in  the  Chald.  in  "Jv?^  a"<^^ 
xnnnsi: ;  the  plural  of  ni«  is  ^ns. 

*  Also  regularly. 


76  ^ouNS. 

§41. 

The  noun  "13,  son,  forms  the  plur.  like  in  the  targnm 
Chah  and  Syriac  in  V??,  ^:3  n^:2b  (Bera.  8.)  ;  t^3  instead 
of  "i?  is  found  in  a  sentence  of  R.  Yochanan,  Siana  I'^T 
Tn  ns^TT?!  (Berach.  5  :,  B.  B.  116.),  this  is  the  boon  of 
the  tenth  son  (dead),  and  is  of  the  Palestinean  dialect, 
as  the  expression  "^an  "^2  or  "^^T^  for  "'Si  T^a,  the  son  of 
Mr.  ...  is  used  very  frecj^uently  in  the  Palestinean  Tal- 
mud. 

The  feminine  of  13  is  i5!?'^3,  daughter,  of  which  tlie 
status  co/istnictus  is  ra,  and  in  the  plural  ^ri:3,  "ifs  tlie 
same  as  in  the  Syriac,  only  that  in  the  latter  it  is  written 
rn3,  and  pronounced  ri3. 

§  42. 
In  the  noun  C3S5,  man,  the  s?,  like  in  the  Syriac,  is  omit- 
ted in  the  compound  03  "^3,  son  of  man,  /.<?.,  a  ])erson, 
and  its  plural  is  ■'Cp^?  (with  ■'"I'lS  as  a  Syriacism),  men, 
Avithout  difference  of  gender,  while  "^135,  men,  means 
discriminately  male. 

§43. 

i<r;'3,  liouse,  lias  in  plural  "^ns.  From  sr^s  is  derived 
tlie  irregular  form,  '^nn'^s'i,  his  wife,  properly  the  wife 
of  his  house. 

§44. 

The  following  fem.  nouns  take  the  masc.  plural : 


Singular. 

Plural. 

«c^^, 

^vife,  w^oman, 

^C3, 

NrbT2, 

thing,  word,  speech, 

^^«, 

xnac, 

Sal>l»a(.li,  week, 

"^3©, 

HT^'JW, 

time,  moment,  hour. 

•'?«', 

NP©, 

y(;ar, 

■j^;o,  ^:«. 

CHAPTER   IV. 


PKOXOUNS. 


§45. 
The  personal  pronouns  are  the  following : 

S'uuj'idar.  Plural. 

I.  person,  x:i«,  I,  •;;«,  we, 

II.  person,    r\x,  thou,  1ir\S5,  yea, 

III.  person,  ^n\>{,  m.  he,  "^n^S,  f.  she,^nri5,  m.,  "^nrx,  f.  they 
(Beraclioth  44). 

§  4^^- 
V^^ii  in  Nazir  57  :,  64.  is  a  Targumical  form  ;  nrbc  p:5? 
for  rii?   (Shabb.   30),  thou  Solomo,  is  of  the  Palestine 
dialect,  the  author  of  the  j^hrase  being  a  Palestinean. 

§47. 

Demonstrative  pronouns  are :  "^sn  masc.,  «n  fern., 
this  (that)  ;  '^.?n,  plur.  com.,  these,  those. 

The  Chaldaic  Vl,  this  (masc.)  is  found  onl}^  in  such 
phrases  as  belong  to  Palestinean  authors,  e.g.^  i^'Qi^  I"'"!, 
by  R.  Yoclianan  (§  41) ;  tJ-'3  p!??  i^n,  this  was  a  bad 
Inisiness  (B.  Kama.  99.),  by  R.  Cheya,  wlio  lived  in 
Palestine;  x^n  ■'ba  yn  (Sanh.  31.),  this  (man)  reveals 
secrets,  by  R.  Amae,  and  s«:b  ^dtoo  i^n  "((i  bsi  y^  ya  bs 
(Kethub.  17.),  only  such  as  this  and  that  (man)  may 
promote  us  (to  Rabbis  and  judges),  a  verse  sung  at  the 
occasion  of  R.  Amae's  and  R.  Ashe's  promotion  to  the 
dignities  mentioned  above,     bb^^  ^T''^'^  ^'"''^  VI  (Sotah 


78  PRONOUNS. 

35),  tliis  severed  head  sliall  it  speak?*  presumed  to  be 

said  by  the  Israelites  against  Joshua  at  the  time  of  Moses. 

V"!?  is  often  used  in  Nedarim,  e.cj.^  Nin  y^^r)  (5)  ;  r^n 

«:?^  (^) ;  «J 'T  v')^  (^) ;  «:i?  ti^i  (i<^)  ;  ^\=r^  vir^.  (n, 

22);  Tax  V"]n,  Tax  V^y)")  (25):  Njp^cs  ^-^nnb  (38);  IP 
x^p  ]^-in  (ib.)  i«aby  vir'^^  (50) ;  xnn^  yt\  (62)  ;  n^ 
T'^  (^^0-     '^o  ^^SQ  in  Nazir  3,  10,  27,  35. 

s^n  is  the  fem.  of  V^n,  e.g.,  N^^nn  xnn  (Ned.  53)  ;  i^nn 
•»>  s::f2^>?i  xin  (ib.  55) ;  xnn  p  ^^b  -jcs  (il).  57),  three 
times,  58  two  times;  xnb^p  xnn  (ib.  <)1). 

Sometimes  s^ny  stands  for  s^in,  and  in  the  pbir.  '''i:?, 
(?.y.,  i^r^r?  ^7^  (Pess.  53),  it  may  be  this  (statement,  f.)  ; 
nnias?  si:^  (B.  ]\I.  GO),  this  (passage,  f.)  says  it,  proves 
it ;  V"^^"^  ''"^  (Gittin  45),  these  are  men.  In  the  passage, 
however  s^n  nsv.o  "'ny  (Gittin  31),  it  is  used  in  the 


sinej 


uhir.''^* 


§  48. 

The  Syriac  and  Masoretic  X^r\^  these,  occurs  in  Neda- 
rim,  e.(j.,  ^i!5iiST  Q^iua  -j^bn  (2);    inr?  nm^  •'3;ri'^  l^bni 

(30) ;  v!''^?  ^^"^  r^T?  r^s*  r^T?  xb^  r^*^?  r?n'  (37, 38), 

these  (words  or  letters)  are  read  and  not  written,  and 
tliose  (words  or  letters)  are  written  and  not  read ;  '{"'bn 
V-ni  rc33  (4S);  binni  ^np?  r^rHb  (49);  r'^r^^  x^r\ 
('J 7)  ;  D^i=?  r^n  (Ul).     So  also  in  Nazir  4, 13, 14, 10,  37. 

*  •'""CJT  to  the  same  interprets  jtyiap,  small,  in  relation  to  the  head  of  the 
name,  and  Arnch,  art.  UJ^^,  explains  severed  head,  to  relate  to  Joshua's  childlcss- 
nosH  at  that  time ;  both  explanations  are  too  weak  to  deserve  any  consider- 
ation x'i'in?3  to  -pr"*  "pr  defines  it  to  relate  to  the  prefixed  Yod,  being  a 
si^fii  of  (;l(:vation  to  the  ofiioe,  not  bestowed  from  God  but  by  Moses  ;  hence, 
"  should  this  man  without  dignity  have  the  right  to  speak?" 

**  But  taking  the  whole  passage  sin  nxn'D,  """O  "'CXn  •S'O,  and  reading  it, 
he  who  says  these  oi  such  (things)  is  a  Syrian,  in?  may  be  considered  as  not 
exceptional. 


PRONOUIS'S.  79 

There  occurs  in  B.  M.  90,  ""tiin  '{■'bn,  ])ut  this  passage 
belongs  to  a  question  put  by  Palestineans  (s.  "'isi,  il).). 
The  Chald.  y},i^,  these,  is  found  in  B.  M.  15,  used  in  a 
notary  style. 

§49. 

There  are  yet  other  demonstrative  pronouns,  as  x*"n, 
that  (masc),  S'^nn,  that  (fern.),  ^n:n,  those  (com.). 
These  words  represent  also  the  indefinite  pronoun :  some 
one,  some  body,  a  certain  (quidam),  but  then  they 
always  are  followed  by  an  appellative  noun,  e.g.,  N^~n 
^"^^^  (Berach.  6),  one  man,  a  certain  man;  s?^9  N^nn 
(ib.  5),  one  old  man ;  scn^sin'j^  i^""^^,  a  certain  matron  ; 
"^li^-in  in:r.  (Ber.  10),  some  vulgar  people;  ''^^x  ''^^ri  ^-:n 
(Cliag.  3),  (there  was  once)  two  dumb  persons.  Some- 
times N^rr.  stands  for  Knn:^  xv.n,  e.g.^  -I'csj;^  r.^rn  x^r.n 
b-'Tij'i  (Sanh.  7),  that  (man)  used  to  say ;  srsi  s^nn 
(Keth.  67),  that  (man)  who  came;  and  likewise  for 
i5rpx  s^T.-i,  e.g.,  n^^;:b  i«rs|'i  s^nn  (Ned.  50),  that  (avo- 
man)  that  came  before  him. 

§50. 
The  expression  si'^n.n  s^nn,  used  as  a  euphemism, 
relates  partly  to  the  first,  partly  to  the  second  person, 
in  sentences  of  an  odious  or  ominous  sense,  e.g.,  s<""in 
s^n  S7.n^  s^^nrn  rr^na^  b?n  i^ns?  (Gittin.  53),  that  man 
there  (thou)  is  the  enemy  of  this  man  (of  mine),  i.e., 
thou  art  mine  enemy. 

§51. 

mT^  '"iiitl  ^I'^iin,  sing,  masc,  and  ?jn,  fern.,  denote,  that 
there,  the  other  there ;  and  ^:n,  i)lur.  com.,  those  there, 
the  otliers  there, 

•jn^XT  occurs  very  frequently  in  the  sense:  and  the 


80  *         PRONOUNS. 

otlier   of  the  two   opposing   parties,  -\vliat   lias  lie  to 
reply?  liow  is  lie  able  to  maintain  yet  his  statement? 

Examples  for  T^T\,  s.  Pess.  3,  and  Ned.  30  (VinT 
i5inn-i,  ?j^srn),  and  for  ^n  in  B.  K.  2.  Examples  for 
^:ri  are  sb  ?y:r;  -j^i?  ^.:ri  (Chag.  11),  these  here,  yes;  the 
others  there,  no ;  ^nr:  ^rnns?  ^.:nn  i^^byb  ^bii?  l\:r\  (Bezah 
11),  those  there  are  gone,  and  these  here  are  others. 

?f^s:n,  ?jn,  ?j:n  represent  properly  the  orighial  pronouns 
''rn,  "^s^n  ixn,  increased  by  the  suffix  of  the  second  person 
singular  ty,  saying  as  much  as  this  thine,  and  indicating 
a  reference  to  the  person  addressed,  like  the  Italian 
cotesto.'^ 

§  52. 

Tlie  pronouns  ^n'^s  and  ^nrs!,  when  expressing  the 
verb  to  be  (he  is,  they  are)  take  often  at  the  begin- 
ning** the  letter  3  for  the  purpose  of  preventing  a 
hiatus  Avhich  necessarily  would  take  ])lace,  as  the  pre- 
ceding words  mostly  end  in  a  vowel-sylhible,  e.g.^  '''^'^ 
^n-^s  (B.  K.  3),  wliatis?  ^n-^?  ^n^i?  (Pess.  10),  he  is,  it  is 
the  same;  ^n:"^?  Tins?  (Bezali  11),  these  are  others;  ^'^T\ 
nn:^:  ^nni  (Keth,  22),  they  are  two  and  two;  ^n^-Q.)  "^p^]? 
^nr:  (Chag.  0),  they  are  very  righteous  men;  accom- 
])lislied,  rigliteous  men;  ^T^1T\  is  a  compound  from  "^i^T] 
^n*':,  and  means,  that  is. 

§53. 

Possessive  ]u*onouns  are  "'H'^'i,  ^T'l;  '^^T'^-,  •^'7'''^?  IT"^? 
'IST'^,  ^!^""^1,  iiiiiic,  tliiiic,  etc.  Th(;  second  1  stands  liere 
for  the  b  of  tlic  Targumic  ])ossessive  ])ronoun  ''b'^'',  ^bi ^ 
etc.,  of  which  llic  B.  Ciiald.  has  one  instance  in  Dan.  ii. 
20. 

*  Or  tho  Lat.  iatc.  **  lustcad  of  the  x. 


PEONOUNS.  81 

Examples :  ^3T"''2  t^S'^l?;  ''T^,  mine  (opiuion)  is  better 
than  yours ;  in-iiia  '.npxT  ■}'ii-i2  iix,  we  are  (busy)  with 
our  (things),  and  they  with  their  (ones)  ;  sn  n'^T'i  sn 
•^■^3'!)7»  this  is  his  (opinion),  and  the  other  one  his  mas- 
ter's. R.  Yochanan  says  to  tlie  Palestineans  (Succa 
44 ;  B.  K.  17),  ^''n  "jinb^n  ini2N  lin'?"'^,  yours,  they  say, 
it  is?  (the  knowledge  of  the  law),  theirs  it  is  ! 

§  54. 

Interrogative  pronouns  are  ]S5'a,  who?  and  derived 
fi'om  this  are  '^^'Q,  who  is  he  ?  and  "'s)?,  who  is  she  ? 
(§  11);  "^x^a,  what  ?  T},  which  ?  Examples  for  the  last : 
'^7\^-;p'Q  ^n  (Chag.  7,  18),  which  of  them?  nic?^  -^n  (Bez. 
10),  which  event?  fact? 

It  seems  proper  to  observe  here  that  it  is  incorrect  to 
derive,  as  some  writers  do,  the  word  "^S'Q  in  the  phrases 
2?Ta©^  \^«13,  snp  -iN^,  and  the  like  from  the  pronoun  ''n, 
and  to  read  consequently  Ti2t:'i2  "^iJ'a,  from  what  is  this  to 
be  inferred?  s^np  ix'a,  from  which  verse  (in  the  Scrip- 
tures) is  this  to  be  proved  ?  for  as  this  pronoun  is  to  be 
written  witliout  i5,  there  is  no  reason  for  its  existence  in 
the  derivative.  It  prol^aldy  is  to  be  read  yaiu^  "^x^, 
what  is  it  that  may  show  that  ?  S"ip  "^fi?)?,  what  verse  is  it 
that  may  prove  that? 

§  55- 

But  'jN'a  and  ''X^,  though  originally  interrogatives, 
they  are  not  used  as  such,  e.g.,  "^"Qi^l  l^T?,  he  who  sa}-s, 
whoever  says;  nin"i  •^^'o^  that  what  was.  Sometimes 
)^'Q  i5«n  (Ber.  6  ;  B.  K.  30)  stands  for  the  same  expression. 

'^'n*'^  (Syriac  and  Palestinean  Targum  DmIS,  and 
Babyl.  Targum  ni:^'a),  anything,  aught;  n^b  n^i5'7  ^"n^^ 


82  PRONOUNS. 

rs'^s'^'n  r.Krn  (Kidd.  51 :),  ain'tliing  of  which  he  ma}^  have 

some  profit."^ 

§  56. 

The  inteiT02:ative  "^n  is  analog^ous  to  the  Hebrew  "'S. 
It  is  em2:)loyed  in  forming  some  adverbs,  e.g.,  ^^T?, 
where  ?  (like  the  Hebr.  nb^s,  nb^s?) ;  ^D^n,  how  ?  (Hebr. 
Ti<).  The  Palestinean  dialect  uses  VTk^,  K>^^  (Heljr. 
iT"^S,  nrs  corresponds  to  theSyriac  kh^s),  wliich  ^  wliat? 
who  ?  So  Nedarim  26  (according  to  ^«i)  ;  S'.n  'j-'-t  ^n 
•jinnx  x^n  i"i-  -^nn  frsn.  There  occurs  in  Tamid  V"^x 
four  times  Avith  S5.  From  "^n  amj:)lified  comes  the  word 
K'^^n.  It  is,  however,  used  only  either  with  ^5  prefixed 
(s.  §  21)  as  ^-^^ns  (Berach.  34 : ;  Meiiach.  70  :),  to  what 
(statement  does  this  relate:!)  or  a\  ith  a  prefixed  b  and 
the  "  elidited,  so  as  to  read  i^'^^b  (Berach.  oS.),  whither^ 
toward  ^vhat  (place)  ?  Hence  the  frequent  expression 
«""^b  lEbs,  what  to  ?  where  to  ?  to  ^vhat  end  i 

§  57. 
The  datives  ''V,  ^^  take  often  tlie  insignificant  syl- 
labh's  n^3  jn-efixed,  (S'.,^.,  n^brpD  ^nrn^io  (Ketli.  67 :),  he 
sent  them  to  him;  n"^n"^3  '^^"^"Q  (Yebam.  ().'>.),  lie  brings 
to  licr;  n^brp;  ni^-jrs  (Shab.  11'.).),  they  brought  it  to 
liim;  s«<7i?  """^'ri"?  "^"l'  ^^''^  (Ivcth.  92.),  he  makes 
them  seize  the  ground  in  ])ayment. 

§58. 

Tin;  possessive  pronouns  '^T'l,  ^T*^,  etc.,  stand  some, 
times  for  tli(!  sinudc  j)ossessive  snllix,  <■.;/.,  ^"I'l  i^'cya 
fPcssM.  L';;.)  |(.f  ^STsrJ,  my  reason;  ^J-^T  ^^"1  (il).  i>.-):) 
foj-  !I^7,   thy  blood.     t5o  also  ^T1   ^1^^;^    (Keth.    2U3 :) 

•  S.  §  97. 


PRONOUNS.  83 

for  "xnn?,  with  me ;  J^n'^lb  m■1^1'^  -j-^a  (BeracL  48.)  for 
nrnb  rT^rs,  between  liim  aucl  her. 

§  59. 
The  expression  ''TXl  ^Ti<  (Pess.  39  : ;  Chag.  6  :)  corre- 
sponds to  the  English  these  and  those,  both. 


CHAPTER  V. 


NUMBERS. 


60. 


1. 

2. 
3. 

4. 

5. 
6. 

7. 


8. 

y. 

10. 

11. 

1-2. 

13. 


The  cardinal  numbers  are : 
Masc. 
■in  (Beracliot  5.) 
■'■^ri  (il).  <).) 
i^^rr^  (ih.  (3.) 
srans?  (B.  mezi^  73. 

B.  Batra  71 :) 
N©i:n  (B.  me25.  73.) 
Nn^ir  (id.  ib.) 
sync  (Pessach.  110.) 
and  with  Sincope  Si? 
(Gittin  57.) 
Nl'irn  (Joniil  72.) 
nyirr,  (Ilimvin  b& :) 
nnir?  (Berachot  56.) 

no-^nn  (MegillA  2.) 
nc^bn  (Meiril]i\  2.) 


14.  iD^a-is?  (ArcgilhY  2  :) 

15.  "ic^'an  (11).) 

16.  nc™  (Mc(rill}\  2.) 

17.  ■^cn-'Tr  (Mcgilla  2.) 

18.  "10  ^;'cr\ 

X  *J  •         •         •         • 


jF'e??n?i. 
Si'in  (i)>.  49.) 
''n'lp  (ib.  3.) 
nbn  (ib.  3.) 

v-cn  (Nazlr  38.) 
n^©  (Berach  3 :) 
ac  (Beracliot  55 : 
Sanhedrin  29.) 


'^:'gr\  (B.  batri\  75 :) 
yirpi 

^m  (B.  batnV  167.) 
•ix  nn  (Aracliin  12.) 
•^■^o  ^r^^Pi  (Aracliin  12.) 
*i")D  nbp  (Beracliot  bij  : 
8anliedrin  106.) 

•      •      • 

-inpisn  (Scliabbat  118.) 
■•nDn^iu  (Scliabbat  2  :) 
^ncmr  ( Hcnicliot  55  :) 
•^no  ^:)2n  (Aracliin  12.) 
•'no^cn  (ib.  Beracliot 
28:) 


NUMBERS.  85 

Masc.  Femin, 

20.  V^iry  (Bechovot  50.) 

21.  "inn  -p-nir?  (ib.) 

SO.  r^'^n  (Joma  71 :) 

40.  V2^.^"^x  (Avod4  Zar^  9.) 

50.  VTE^n  (B.  batra  172.) 

GO.  rno  (B.  Kama  92  :) 

70.  rs^nc 

80.  r^-qr^ 

90.  ''■'iPTSn 

100.  nxT3  (B.  batra  25  :) 

200.  •jns)?  (Ketuvot  106.) 

800.       n«i2  nbn  (B.  batra  73.) 
1000.  tlbs  (Sanhedriu  39.) 

/Si^.  emphat  ss'JX  (Beracliot.  6.) 
2000.       ■'Sbs?  ''"in  (B.  batra  26  :) 
6000.    ^Ebx  sn^TT)  (Moed  katau  10  :) 
10,000.  sn^nn  (Beracliot  6.) 

■    Pliir.  »rin^=i"^  (Sancleclrin  36.) 
12,000.  ''Bbs  nc-'^n  (B.  batra  150:) 
100,000.     i«Ebj«  nsip  (Reracliot  8  :) 

§  61. 
''in  "la  slo'iiifies:  two  persons  (Chagig.  11  :)  ;    nnto:?  ^3 
(Kidd.  80  :),teu  persons;  nsi?  ""a  (Beracli.  50.),  hundred 
persons 

§  6'-^- 
''•nn  and  Tinn  are  Used  with  the  suffixes  ^3  and  x^n, 

and  read  thus :  ^^''^I'ln  (Berach.  48.)  ;  ^~p;'^"^n  (ilj.  5  :). 

§63. 
The  numbers  from  11  to  19  ending  in  ">P  are  often 
employed  also  for  the  fern,  gender ;  and  may,  therefore, 


86  K  UMBERS. 

be  considered  to  be  of  coium.  gen.     The  fern,  termina- 
tion in  ■'ID  is  seldom  used. 

Note.  Buxdorf  in  his  Chald.  and  Syr.  grammar 
de.clares,  and  after  him  some  other  grammarians,  as  also 
Fuerst  in  his  Lehrgebaude,  p.  242,  ''■icrns  or  "^^icrii),  to  be 
as  much  as  '^'19?  yrn,  19,  contr.  by  way  of  syncope  and 
metathesis,  and  as  a  support  thereto  he  quotes  an 
instance  from  Pseudo  Yonathan,  Genes,  xi.  25.  It  is 
true  that  in  the  quoted  passage  '''riornp  is  found  used  for 
the  number  19 ;  but  there  is  no  doubt  but  that  this 
word  was  inserted  by  mistake,  either  of  copy  or  print. 
For  it  is  hardly  possible  to  think  of  any  language,  dia- 
lect, or  people,  howev^er  low  their  state  of  civilization 
may  yet  be,  to  have  no  discriminative  expressions  for 
two  numbers  as  different  as  16  and  19.  ^y^i^.^  or  "^'^O"'^^? 
however,  are  correct,  and  occur  in  the  Talnmd,  iVi'achin 
1 2.  and  Beracli.  28  :. 

§64. 

The  ordinal  numbers  are: 
Nl2]5   (derived  from  "^^71?),   the  first ;  plur.  :  "^sir))?;  fem. 

singul.  :  Nn^;'i2p  (Bcrach  21.)  ;  i)lur.   N*n\^T£p.  (ib.   7.), 

tlie  first  ones. 
•j^pp,  sr:n,  tlie  second. 
■"xr^bn,  nxn^bn,  tlie  tliird. 
nsn^t:;  (Berach.  5:),  tin;  tentli. 

The  expression  N72|P  Nisp  ((Jittin  12.),  corresponding  to 
II1C  i';ibl»iiiical  ]""irsn  "JICS"!,  .signifies:  jste])  by  step,  grad- 
ually, ^5Uccessively. 

§  64/>. 
Terms  cxju'cssiiig  fractions  arc  : 

»pb^p,  ^       (B.  M.  100.),         Niri^nn,  l. 


NUMBEKS.  87 

i5:?n^n  ^?:  (Kett.  21.),  properly,  less  i=f,  "'Sf,  being  the 
pass,  partic.  of  the  verb  s<3?,  ''3:  (s.  B.  Cli.  gr.  §  88)  : 
to  subtract,  properly,  to  beat,  like  the  Fr.  abattre.* 

§  64(7. 

The  termination  of  the  ordinal  numbers  is  employed 
also  for  denoting  patronymical  nouns,  e.g.^  "i^^r^s  "*??*?? 
(Gittin  11);  nsn^o  (ib.  3.,  Keth.  53:);  nxr^i^^^D 
(Ket.  82.);  Tmr\z  (Chul.  128.);  -srb^  (B.  K.  52.). 

Ral)'s  name,  SD''"i5?  S3S,  is  supposed  by  some  recent 
Avriters  to  be  such  a  j)atrial  name,  relating  to  the  city 
Areca.'^*  But  this  is  incorrect,  for  in  this  case  it  ought 
to  read :  r.xs-^ii?.  The  fact,  however,  that  Rab  was  tall 
of  stature,  is  distinctly  stated  Mdda  24 :  iiiia  ^^ii?  nn 
S^^n,  hence  his  name  ND'^ix.')' 

*  And  the  Engl,  abate. 

**  In  the  province  of  Susiana,  a.  Ptolm.  vi.  3 ;  Mark,  xxiii.  6. 

f  Dr.  Muhlfelder  takes  X31-1S  in  tlie  sense  of  :  healer,  figuratively,  re- 
former, as  a  complimentary  name  of  Rab  for  his  endeavors  toward  securing 
th3  ecclesiastical  independence  of  the  Babylonian  congregations  from  under 
the  ambitious  control  of  the  Palestine  community.  But,  besides  that  the 
application  of  this  word,  being  singular  and  as  imique  as  strange  at  the  time 
in  question,  the  grammar  of  the  word,  as  \vill  be  seen,  speaks  yet  more  decid- 
edly against  M.'s  definition.  For  X3"nx  is  the  adjective  noun  formed  from  the 
pass,  partici.  -;ins  of  the  verb,  Tjnx  in  bp  (s.  B.  Ch.  gr.  §§  49,  50.)  by  the 
affix  of  the  x  empkatlcus.  (s.  B.  Ch.  gr.  §  33.).  Hence,  even  in  the  sense 
suggested  by  M.,  the  proper  meaning  of  the  word  would  be  :  healed,  figurl. 
reformed,  in  a  pass,  and  not  active  mood,  as  reformer.  No  doubt,  sz'^iX 
is  to  be  taken  in  its  original  meaning :  long,  tall,  inasmuch  as  the  passage 
quoted  above  sufficiently  testifies  of  s^i-ix  to  be  Rab's  epithet  in  relation  to 
his  tallness  of  stature,  like  5*CT,  'tipn.  Or.  what  seems  to  be  yet  more 
probable,  siz'^-x,  emphatically:  t//e  aixlon,  from  the  Gr.  6.px<^v,  leader,  which 
he  in  fact  was,  as  stated  in  the  quoted  passage. 


CHAPTER  VI. 

THE   VERBS. 

§  65. 
The  conjugations   are  tlie  same  as  in  the  Clialdaic 
language,  with  the  only  difference  that  in  the  forms 

b?^s,  bysns?  and    "sysns    (like  in  the  Targuni  and  the 
Syriac)  the  Talmud  always  employs  s<  instead  of  n. 

§  66. 
In  the  preterite,  the  ri  in  the  Chaldaic  affixed  to  the 
first  pers.  sing,  is  in  the  Talmud  always  omitted ;  e.g.^ 
''STn,  I  liave  seen,  for  nirn ;  ''xnn,  I  have  been,  n^in ;  -"^rn 
■"^^1?  (^  87);  ''l^si;  for  n^")^5< ;  ^b]:T^,  I  have  taken,  for 
nbpp ;  -^-cp^j^  (Yeba.  C4 :),  I  have  stated,  for  ni?;^;?. 

§  67. 

The  ri  affixed  in  the  Chal.  to  the  third  pers.  sing,  is 
-in  tin;  Talmud  generally  omitted  and  rejdaced  by  ^5  or 
n.  K.ij.,  n-'b  rrpi)^_^  she  said  to  him  ;  n^b  nc'i;^"'S  (Kcth. 
iVl  :),  she  was  married  to  him  ;  ?fT£S«  x:by\N!  (Yeba.  Oa.), 
thy  mother  })ecame  ])etter;  'inb  N^rs'^sc,  it  was  asked,  in- 
<piired  (al)out  something  doubtful,  })roblcmatical)  from 
them,  instead  of  rr^rarK. 

In  the  bp  of  the  N"b  Tis,  liowever,  this  T\  is  rejdaced  ])y 
Yod  C^)  which  is  connected  witli  the  radical  S.  AV-, 
•^sin  (Chag.  (>.)  for  n^n,  slie  was;  xprco  "^x^o  (H.  Bath. 
71) :)  foi-  rjo,  the  shi])  Avent ;  n^nnx  \xns  (  Kcthu.  (17  :), 
his  sister  came,  for  f^^ii*.     The   same  occurs  sometimes 


THE   VERBS.  89. 

also  in  tlie"  other  forms,  e.g.^  ''XTO  (Keth.  68  :),  slie 
protested  ;  i^n'p^  ''5<^a'^X  (Pessa.  31.),  thing  was  discovered, 
exposed. 

.      §68. 
ii:,  the  Chald.  termination  of  the  first  pers.  pliir.  is 
changed  into  !}— ,  e.g.^  !j"?^^  (Berach.  12.),  we  have  said; 
;jn2Tri?  or  jrisirs?  (ib.  10.),  we  have  found. 

§69.  _ 
The  termination  i  of  the  third  person  plur.  takes  in 
the  T.  its  place  between  the  second  and  the  third  radi- 
cals, e.g. ,  "i^n;  (Berach.  56.),  they  fell  down,  instead  of 
^inp ;  "iiCiJ5  (ib.  56  :),  they  have  bound,  forbidden,  for 
tnci? ;  i^ny  (Pess.  2  :),  they  have  done,  for  ^n^?;  n^T^  (ib. 
16.),  they  have  resolved;  P'^ss  (Ned.  59),  they  went 
out;  biT.A  (B.  Kam.  94:),  they  have  robbed;  r:^yi:55 
(Chag.  18.),  they  have  diminished  themselves,  for 
^•jyisny: ;  "jipn  (Pess.  30.),  they  have  established,  for 
!irpri;  "i^snirx  (Berach.  9.),  they  have  intoxicated  them- 
selves, for  ^^snii'X ;  ^'^'S  (Yeba.  96  :),  they  went,  for  '^V. 
This  I'ule,  however,  is  not  applied  with  verbs  of  quies- 
cent ^.  Sometimes  it  occurs  with  the  imperative,  e.g.., 
^'^'^r\  th  ^zn  n',TS«  (Gittin  34.),  courage  !  give  him  to 
her,  i.e..,  forwards  !  go  on,  give  him  to  her  !* 

§  70. 
The  partici.  act.  and  passive  are  united  with  the 
pers.  pronouns,  which  then  are  considered  as  suffixes 
of  the  former,  e.g.,  i^r^^.  I  cry ;  i^rnn;",  I  give  (Bera. 
5  :)  for  x:i«.  "^32,  »:i?  nn;» ;  pi^s  (ib.  2  :),  thou  say- 
est,  for  ns?  ni3S;  -jpn^s,  we  say,  for  IJi?  n^ij ;  in^i)25?R, 
you  say ;  xf^^s^   (Keth.  104.),  I  say,  for  linJ?  "i^'iP^'p, 

*  S.  •'"ui  to  the  s. 


90  THE    VERBS. 

i«:s  Tax;^ ;  irT'iaDnn  in^nias  (Bera.  5G.),  you  are  saying 
tliat  you  are  wise;  irp^^^p^,  'j^n-'^^;j?T9  (Neda.  25.); 
nx^na  (Keth.  43  :)  for  rii<  s^35,  thou  collectest  pay- 
ment;  "^'5  f^^sria  (Keth.  (31:),  doest  thou  many  me  ? 
for  ■'^  i?^  S3c:na.  Exam4)les  of  the  pass,  partici. 
sp^irn  (Bera.  5  :),  I  am  suspected  ;  s^jb^ps  (Keth.  109 :), 
I  am  disal)led ;  W"?"^^^:,  we  are  engaged,  we  have  to  do 
it  with  .  .  .  we  are  occupied  .  .  .  Avith  .  .  .  '^1'^^'^  (Bera. 
10.);  nr^nia  (ib.  11.),  thou  art  held,  indel)ted,  guilty 
for  ni?  nps^a,  nx  n^rn^ ;  ^n^s^n^  (Naz.  19.),  ye  are  in 
need.  From  "^rn  and  "J"?!?  is  formed  reguhu'ly  i^psn,  'ip^rn. 
By  reason  of  its  very  frec^uent  use  the  latter  is  abbre- 
viated to  1?Pi. 

The  infinitive  of  the  bp  takes,  like  in  the  dial.,  the  pre- 
formative  "a,  e.(/.,  nrD-ab  (Berach.  9.),  to  write ;  1?^^'?, 
to  do ;  "^■'a'^^b,  to  say.  In  the  other  forms  the  infin.  ends 
in  ^-\  fjj.,  ^'S'\vc^'sh;^  (Pessa.  4.),  to  neglect,  for  the  Cliald. 
i{y:rnsb ;  Ti^aTr  (ib.  2.),  to  praise,  for  xnsi? ;  I'Jiyigb 
(Beracli.  9.),  ^pissb  (ib.  4  :),  to  exclude  ;  '^r'ini?  (Pess. 
08.),  to  revive  ;  the  last  is  the  b^ysn  form  of  s;*!!  ;  i.^ioK 
(ib.  Iy'^^  V3^),  to  heal,  bys  from  ncn. 

Tlic  infinitive  of  bp  in  xband  ""'s  is  found  also  end- 
ing in  K,  as  «";i"2^'ab,  to  say  ;  xnn'^'ab,  to  give  (s.  §  81). 

'i']i(3  future,  tliird  pers.  masc.  sing,  and  ])lur.  is  often 
prefixed  ])y  b  (s.  B,  ('li.  §  109),  and  conveys  the  sense 
of  eitlier  the  imjxT.,  ojttative,  or  subjunctive,  (.fi-^  S^'^b, 
let  liini  say;  T^t\  (Berach.  5.),  let  iiim  cxMinine  into 
.  .  scarcli  into  .  .  ;  "'.^nb.  it  (the  Mishnah)  ouglit  to  read, 
or  use  the  ex])ression  of  .  .  ;  S^risb^  he  .should  write,  it 


THE    VERBS.  01 

should  stand;  'in^l3"'b^  (ib.  10.),  that  they  die;  Ti^^b, 
he  may  bring;  pTn^b  sb"i  (ib.  6.),  that  he  may  not  hurt 
himself. 

Instead  of  the  b  often  the  5  (like  in  the  Syriac)  with 
the  same  signification  is  prefixed  to  the  above  future, 
e.g.^  s<n]5  st)"'.?  (Berach.  11.),  the  Scripture  verse  ought, 
should  say;  n^t^sib  n"«bipTr]  (Pess.  13.),  let  him  take  it 
for  himself ;  ^np^nnppi  ^nran^'^.:  (ib.  18.),  he  should  mix 
them  together  {i.e.^  unite  them)  and  write  them  do^^nl ; 
n^'iny  "inpps  xb^  (B.  M.  65.),  that  his  slave  should  not 
become  lazy  (B.  K.  90.  ^"^riob).  b?snx  of  s^o,^"  to  rot,  ac- 
cordiuo;  to  "^tU"!. 

§  ^4. 

In  bysn»  and  byenx  the  ri  is  mostly  omitted.  Ex- 
amples :  '';^bs^'a  for  T^^sr?^,  they  split  themselves,  i.e.^ 
they  are  of  different  opinion  ;  l^ns^Tp  (Berach.  10.),  they 
are  Avritten  ;  ^^i:^'^xb,  to  keep  from  some  thing,  to 
abstain  ;  n^:.VTa  (Pessach.  5.),  it  is  stolen  ;  b^t?)^^^  (ib.  28.), 
he  is  killed ;  ^?>3t!,  i^-^a^,  he,  she  is  sought  for,  required. 
So  also  \S53^«  (Keth.  03.),  cover  thyself,  fem.  imper.  in 
bysns?. 

In  verbs  with  n  as  the  first  radical,  the  n  of  bysrs 
is  preserved,  ^vhile  the  n  radicis  is  left  out  and  compen- 
sated by  ©n  forte,  e.g.;''P^^  (Kidd.  67.).     S.  §  91. 


75. 


The  geminate  verbs  D^b-SDn  nin  are  conjugated 
partly  after  the  manner  of  the  V  (piiescent,  and  })artly 
like  the  b  quiescent.  E.g.,  by,  root  bby;  to  enter,  n'r?? 
(Berach.   9:),  thou  enterest,  like   nia-'^]5,  i.e.,    nx    a^^p 

*  Heb.   n-iD. 


92  THE    VERBS. 

from  n^?  (s.  B.  Ch.  §  78.)  ;  ^^:?^  (Pess.  G.),  introducing, 
act.  ])artic.  in  biys  (s.  B.  Ch.  §  80).  So  also  from  i3b 
(root  1512?),  to  curse,  "o^:^  Sl?"i  x^n  -jb^  (Pess.  2  :)  ;  from  qs 
(root  :iE3),  to  bend,  compel,  Ci^^D  (Cbagg.  16.).  Like  b 
quiescent  are  the  words  n->;:i:bs  (Berach.  7.),  I  shall 
curse  him ;  l^'-TO  (ib.  6  :),  (persons)  desecrating,  from 
b5n  as  if  from  sbn ;  in  the  ^ys,  ^^n. 

Verbs  of  i«D  are  inflected  like  those  of  's  in  such  in- 
flections as  do  not  begin  with  it  (s.  B.  Ch.  §  73),  c.g.^ 
i^-":,  he  Avill  say  ;  isnim  (Bera.  8.),  that  ye  prolong  (s. 

§8n. 

The  verbs  xnx,  bryj,  to  come,  to  go,  omit  the  «  in  the 
imj).  as  sn  (Berach.  2  :),  ^'^.  with  Yod. 

The  word  b^  is  of  the  form  b^ys  from  bi,  loot  bbr,  to 
be  disagreeable,  despisable,  e.(/.,  Nnb-^'Q  "^3  sb'^n  (Pessa. 
113. ■^■),  the  thing  is  despisable  to  me. 

§78. 

The  same  verb  xriifl  omits  sometimes  in  the  byESi  the 
Yoil  (■'),  which  is  a  substitute  of  the  first  «  radical, 
e.(/.,  '^'!'^^^^  (CliMLTg.  2.),  to  let  enter,  come  into,  i.e.,  to 
inchide,  for  -i^nn-Kb. 

§70. 

Tlic  imper.  in  tlu!  bp  of  TQX,  to  say,  is  formed  like 
tlie  fntnn^  <>f  the  same  verb,  by  apocope,  as  X'C'X 
(Kctli.  S  :),  do  say.  There  occurs,  h()wev<'r,  also  ii'a"'i< 
(CIim'j:  .'5  ;  Pessa.  0,  20.),  which  likinvise  seems  to  ]>v.  the 
impel-,  simil.iito  Tf^E^X  ■"••  (Pessa.  21 .),  subvert  it,  though, 

•  ThiM  jihrfiHf;  is  fonnd  in  15    n.-itltni  110,  and   not  at   tlio   place   rislatcnl  to. 
**  Tj!iE'J<  may  juHt  an  well  be  the  future  a.s  in  B.  Mez.,  0.,  4.,  «:«  r^^E-'X.    A. 


THE    VERBS.  93 

according  to  the  rule,  the  "i  ought  to  be  preceded  by 
nrs  (s.  B.  Ch.  §§  6,  9.).  However  this  uuiy  be,  iTCSi! 
appears  to  be  irreguhir,  even  if  taken  as  the  future  first 
pei'son. 

§  80. 

In  verbs  of  "^'b,  the  Yod,  in  tlie  form  of  ->S5?,  is 
changed  like  in  the  Hebr.  and  Chal.  into  1,  e.g.^  ^T^pix 
(B,  M.  59.),  ye  shall  honor;  rr^nnii?,  he  seated  him; 
••b  ri"ip"''a  (Berach.  48.),  thou  honorest  me. 

§  81. 
The  verb  nn"^,  to  give  (s.  B.  Ch.  §  lOG)  is  in  the 
infin.  and  future  generally  changed  into  nn;*,  as  a  com- 
])ound  of  nn-;  and  103,  e.g.,  f^^^  ^^nni^b  (Keth.  lOG  ;  B.  K. 
95;  B.  B.  124.),  to  give  him;  n-'n'^:  (Pess.  12.;  Keth. 
52  :),  he  shall  give.  It  may  properly  be  observed 
here,  that  these  words  as  inflections  from  the  above 
Avord  ^in-"  should  not  be  mistaken  for  words  formed 
from  the  radix  nn*',  to  seat,  to  tarry,  e.g.,  ^p-'^b  (Kidd. 
V.J),  to  remain;  n'^n'^n  sb  (Erubin  54.),  do  not  sit  down. 
There  is,  however,  found  also  N'n^s?  nn^^b  (Beracli.  9  :), 
to  give  wages;  iT^i  nn^i3  (Choi.  00.)  from  nn;',  and 
n:r\T32  ^b  'jn^'ab  (B.  B.  13 :),  to  give  thee  as  a  present 
from  "jriD. 

§  82- 
Verbs  with  55  as  the  second  radical  change  tliis  K 
into  Yod  in  all  conjugations  characterized  by  Dagesh 
forte,  e.g.,  «7"^':t?^  ^'T^'^.  (Pess,  9  :),  leaves  a  rest.  There 
occurs  likewise  in  the  bysrs,  b^tjn^if!  (Kethu.  77  :\= 
inyi2TiJ  by  bsr;,  as  if  from  b^ttJ;  and  in  the  ^^ss,  "^bir-isb 
(ib.  105 :)  as  if  from  bin;'  (s.  §  85.),  to  lend  (like  in  the 
Hebr.  b-^i^tcnj) ;  'pty^,  lend  me. 


94  THE    VERBS. 

§  83. 
Verbs  of  ib  chaiiire  the   (i)    into   Yod   in  the  act. 
partici.  of  the  5p,  e.^.,  n-^ri;,  dying,  one  that  is  dying; 
n^^s   (Yebam.    63. :),   1)inding  in.      The  same   change 
takes  place  iu  the  bys,  e.g.,  ^^\^)?  (ib.  64 :). 

§84. 
Of  verbs  in  ib  and  geminate  (D^biSDn)  sometimes 
the  active  partici.  is  employed  instead  of  the  jiassive, 
in  order  to  make  the  expression  more  forcible  and 
sonorous,  e.g.,  f?  ^T^--,  it  stands  settled,  established  for 
us,  instead  of  lb  Kia^p  like  f^^^^3  ^b  n^p.  So  al^^o  r*n'^:r."a 
s^p^n  ^^?  instead  of  «P''l,  the  pass,  par  tic.  of  pp^,  "  the 
Mislmah  also  is  exact,  precise  in  the  manner  of  expres- 
sion."* So  also  q^-^b  (Chal.  11.),  joined  together,  con- 
nected, from  ?iSb  ;  rp^TU  (Sanli.  88.),  bent,  down-cast, 
from  qsTD;  ^i^'^s  (Keth.  lOo:).  bent,  subdued. 

§  85. 
Verbs  of  'V  ''n;  are  in  the  bysx  sometimes  conjugated 
like  tliose  of  ■''s  'TM^e.g.,  Q-'pis^  for  n-'ps;  lience,  n^'Qp'^s 
(Berachotli.  5 :)  ;  n:i2V^«  (Pess.  11.).  So  also  n^nnia, 
ivjdying,  objecting,  for  n^nia.  So  also  nnin^N,  i-adix, 
n^n  takes  in  tlie  bpEnx,  tlie  1  projH'r  to  tlic  '^'d  "^n:  in  tlie 
brsx  (§  SO),  tliougli  tliere  exists  no  iiiNlancc  (hereof  for 
tlic  '^'b  ''ns  in  tlie  brErs.*-'^ 

♦  Prni)nrly  :  to  Hoparafcn  in  clomonts,  likn  the  Ilobr.  ppn,  to  make  thin,  to 
brui.so.  tit^'iirat.  to  make  clear,  coucc^ivablc. 

*♦  AcconliiiK  to  other  RrammnrianH  Uie  word  ZT^n^X  '«  "f  tl»«  form 
brcns,  a  form  which  our  author  couatantly  declares  to  be  iuudmissible.   (S, 

13.  Ch.  tTa.  g§.  40,  85.) 


THE   VEEB9.  95 

§  SG. 
Verbs  of  the  qiiiescent  and  imperfect  roots*  take 
in  the  forms  '^^Dnx  and  byEns<5  for  the  most  part  a  Yod 
between  the  first  and  second  letter  of  the  word.  This 
Yod  refers  probably  to  the  toyi  in  the  ri,  and  seems  to 
l)e  characteristic  to  this  sort  of  verbs,  e.g.,  pTP"'^  (s.  §§ 
74,  72). 

§87.    ^ 

Verbs  of  ^  qniescent,  otherwise  following,  as  far  as 
consistent  Avith  the  peculiarities  of  the  Talmudical  con- 
jugations, the  principles  of  the  Chaldaic  language, 
are  found  in  tiie  infinitive  ^P  ending  with  Yod ;  e.g., 
"i^nTD,  to  ask,  to  j)ray ;  "'T^''?,  to  see,  and  sometimes  in  i5 
(like  in  the  Syriac)  ;  e.g.,  i^^^"^"^  (Keth.  43  :),  to  collect 
payment,  the  imper.  fem.  ends  (like  in  the  Syriac  in 
•^N—  ;  e.g.,  "^i^na,  do  take  payment,  do  collect ;  "'Xtte:  ^K^n 
*'S:n  ?jb  \v5-ip  i\b  \srsD  i5<7n  (Pess.  08  :),  rejoice,  my 
soul,  rejoice,  my  soul  !  for  thee  I  have  read  (the  holy 
Scriptures),  for  thee  I  have  repeated,  learned  (the 
Mishnah  l)y  heart);  "^i?"!?  (Keth.  61:),  throw  away; 
■<SE2''ii!  (ib.  68  :J),  cover  thyself  ! 

§88. 

The  partici.  pass,  in  the  b^ys  of  the  ^  ""H:  is  like  in 
form  to  its  partici.  active,  e.g.,  '^i^^'a  (Keth.  62  :),  esti- 
mated, worthy,  virtuous,  corresponding  to  the  ral)])ini- 
cal  f^^y'Q  and  the  Syriac  '^^?''2.  The  emj^haticus  and  fem. 
absol.  is  i^:)^.'Q  (Berach.  4.). 

§89. 
Participles  in  the  plur.  take  very  often  the  termina- 

*  As  QiinED  and  is. 


96  THE    VERBS. 

tion  of  the  verb,  and  not  that  of  the  noim,  e.g.^  "rh  iys^ 
"i^n^  (Berach.  2  :),  and  they  were  interrogating,  they 
put  a  question;  ^nb  inp  (ib.  3  :),  they  are  calling  them; 
ib2T  (ib.  6.),  which  are  rotten ;  i^ifl  (ib.  8.),  they  are 
praying;  i:^  (ib.  9.),  they  are  lying;  ib?^  i<'n  (ib.  10.), 
they  who  are  not  accomplished;  is'ffi'J'a  (Pessa.  18.), 
they  are  defiling;  9?^7  (ib.  22;),  they  are  excluding, 
bringing  forth ;  ^n^'riar^'?  ^"fTS  (ib.  29.),  they  are  going 
(follow)  according  to  their  own  principles;  inu?^  (ib. 
30:),  they  protract;  ™  ^  ^bjp©  (Chagg.  11  :),  they  are 
discussing ;  ^nb  ini^,  they  are  confessing,  yielding,  con- 
senting to  them,  for,  r?3,  r^jp,   -j^ba,   rbi^ia,  r??,  T^?^, 

'{■'x^-jia,  rp?^,  r""^,  rn^^^,  r*^'^}  r^i?^,  t^^^-   So  also 

in  the  partici.  pass,  itd  Np  snr)3  (Pessa.  29.),  they  are 
untied,  allowed,  for  I'!'!'®. 

§  90. 

The  pass,  particip.  (^"•ys)  is  often  used  with  the 
dative  ^b  ""b,  etc.,  which,  last,  is  taken  as  the  al)hitive 
and  the  verb,  as  being  in  the  active  voice,  e.g.^  VP^_  ^, 
inb  (Berach  2  :,  9.),  it  Avas  not  heanl  T)y  or  from  them, 
i.e.^  they  have  not  heard  it ;  lb  vya^.  (ib.  5  :),  it  is  heard 
l)y  or  from  us,  i.e.,  we  have  heard;  ^nb  N'l'^aD  (ib.  4.), 
it  is  considered  l)y  them,  i.e.^  they  hold  it,  they  are  of 
opinion;  "'b  "^rn  ''':'^-|b  (B.  B.  73.,  Sanli.  G7:),  it  was 
seen  ])y,  fi'om  me,  i.e.^  I  have  seen  it  myself.  Some- 
times "^b  .'ind  ^b,  etc.,  stand  as  mere  ])le<)nasms,  c.g.^ 
n-^b  b-'px  5{p  n-'irn^na  (Sliebuotli  r> :),  tliis  man  is  con- 
suukmI  in  liis  Avoods,  l.e..^  he  is  ignorant  of  tlic  tilings 
going  on  in  tin;  world,  as  if  sticluded  in  the  woods. 

*  Syriac  :   x-ia  .   t«j  tear,  (Jr.  Ttipiw,  to  rub,  imll,   figunit.  to  di.scuHS. 


THE   VERRS.  97 

§01. 
The  passive  partici.  is  often  followed  by '^^,  ^b,  etc.,  in 
the  {)roper  sense  of  the  dative,  e.g.^  •^'^^  "^^aTa  (Beracli.  5.) 
(equivalent  to  ''^Sfp^,  §  74),  it  is  requisite,  necessary  to 
hitn,  i.e.^  he  needs,  must;  T\^)>  f^^.?n^  xbn  miria  *  (Kidd. 
G7  :)  (equivalent  to  ''.?rfrip,  §  74),  because  it  was  not 
possible  for  him  to  mention  it  expressly,  without  omit- 
ting the  usual  laconism  (s.  ''"ttJi)  ;  ^b  T\V\ti  X)P  sb^  it  is 
not  habitable  to  (for)  me,  I  cannot  live  there. 

*  In  the  edition  before  me   (Vienna,    1862)   there  is   nb  instead  of  r\'h 
as  quoted  above. 


CHAPTER  VII. 


VERBAL    SUFFIXES. 


8  <)2 

The  Talmud ical  verbal  suffixes  differ  in  so  far  from 
the  respective  Clialdaic  paradigms  (B.  Cha.  Gr.  §  110), 
as  in  tlie  Talmud,  dialect  the  Yod  and  the  S  of  ''PT^? 
and  s:^'^?  are  dropped,  e.g.^  psa  (Nedar.  62.),  he  robbed 
(from)  me;  X^  (ib.  50  :),  had  indicted  me  ;  "jny:^  (Chagg. 
5  :),  hadst  detained  me  ;  r:)5Ti<  (Erub.  5  :),  they  made 
me  old.  In  tlie  imperative  :  "Jpi^s  (Gittin  47.),  redeem 
me;  and  in  the  future  :  ininn  xb  (Nedar.  50  :),  do  not 
make  me  laugh. 

§93. 
The  suffix  of  tlie  third  ])ers.  plur. — which  in  the 
Bild.  Ch.  is  missing,  and  in  the  Syriac  expressed  by  the 
se))arate  pi-onoun,  'J^i'^x — is  formed  l)y  ^n?"'— ,  €.cj.  'inrn'inx 
(Chagg.  5 :),  he  turned  them  away  (from  them) ; 
^inr'aibirxb  (15ei-a.  8 :),  to  accomplisli  them ;  ^nrv'^B 
(Yel)am.  79.),  lie  ai)i)eased  them;  ^nrnPDSi  ^^^r^^^^r? 
(§  73).  The  fem.  f<n-ni  must  be  "^np-,  like  that  with 
tJM'  iioiiii,  but  is  seldom  in  use.  C()mi)()Uiid  with  this 
fciii.  siillix  is  j)i()1)al)ly  the  so  very  fiXHpiently  occurring 
word  "nriaii,  which  signifies  as  much  as  "^nps  '•'ani,  i.e.^ 
thiow,"  jtiit  iheiii  one  o])posite  the  other,  i.e..  bi'ing  the 
two  statements  (inijx'r.)  one  oj)posite  the  other. 

*  Abjicc.  L. 


VERBAL    SUFFIXES.  99 

§  94. 
The  ti  as  a  termination  of  the  first  pers.  and  the 
third  pers.  fern,  in  the  preterite  being  usually  omitted 
(s.  §  67.)  is  replaced  before  a  suffix,  e.g.^  rtrf'^.'as  (Keth. 
63  :),  I  have  said  it,  from  rri^i? ;  fi^n^nn  (Synh.  98.), 
she  has  seen  him,  from  n]Tn  for  Jnrn,  and  not  from  ^s^in 
or  ''"ittii. 

§95. 

The  suffix  of  the  third  pers.  sing.  masc.  with  a  verb 
in  the  third  pers.  plur.  is  found  partly  in  the  form  of 
^W-  e.g.,  Ti^^n^i  ^nipsx  (Chagg.  15.),  they  brought  him 
out  and  beat  him ;  and,  partly,  in  ni-  e.g..,  ^i^'^T}  f^^pss 
(ib.  5  :),  they  brought  him  out  and  killed  him  ;  r^^nni2X 
(Pess.  10  :),  they  troubled  him,  they  molested  him. 

§  96. 
In  verbs  of  i«"b  the  «  is  changed  into  Yod  Avhen  pre- 
ceding such  suffixes  as  do  not  begin  with  Nun  (^),  e.g., 
^^^fn  (Berach.  5  :),  he  saw  him ;  n-';'Tn  (Yebam.  63.), 
he  saw  her;  f^^^^^lJ^  (ib.  id.),  thou  wilt  throw  him, 
^m-'-j^x  (Keth.  103  :),  they  brought  him  ;  TTP'^  (ib.  17.) 
thy  coming.  But  not  so  in  ^nsm  (Yebam.  63.),  he 
saw  them ;  ^npTTOb  (Bera.  6.),  to  see  them,  where  the 
suffix  begins  in  3. 


CHAPTER  VIII. 

ADVERBS. 

§  97. 

Tlie  following  are  adverbs,  or  adverbial  expressions, 
alp]ia])etically  arranged : 

ri^nn^s  n^s  (Beracli.  2.),  on  his  way,  i.e.,  by  the  ^vay, 
occasionally  (obiter,  en  passant).  Tlie  suffix  changes 
according  to  person,  e.f/.,  ^sn^is  3.^ii{  (Ketli.  105 :), 
?fn-nx  nax  (Synhed.  1)5 :). 

*'3n'7X  for  ''sn  n:?,  meanwhile,  while  this  hap]iened, 
''Dni  ■'snis  (Berach.  5  :),  corresponds  to  the  Ilebr. 
nb  "i?"!,  rb  "ly  (Kings  I.  xviii.  45),  while  this  and 
that  happened. 

i53n-tx  (Shabb.  25.,  INIoed  Katan  17.),  contrary,  much 
more ;  jiossibly  proceeding  from  N3"^7  b?,  al)()ut 
something,  that  is  more,  i.e.,  the  more  there  is  rea- 
son to  o])ject. 

xnn^X  (ditt.  59.,  CliuU.  GO.,  Shebuo.  10.),  in  truth, 
forsooth  ;  e(juivalent  to  Dna  (B.  Ch.  Gr.  §  123). 

TS,  now;  T^«  ^"^  «^^i?  (Kcth.  09.),  tell  me  now; 
j^ossibly  the  iniper.  of  brs,  brx  ( Kzra  v.  15),  apo- 
co])ated,  j)r()j)('i'ly  :  go  !  forwards  !  expressing,  en- 
couragement, and  corres|)<)nds  to,  go  on  !* 

*  This  is  ft  supg-estiou  liy  Mr.   Elircnrcich  of  Brody  ;  other  dolinitioHS  s. 
•,"'bc   -^-1?  nnd  n^n  cna  T.  VIII.     A. 

I  think  it  to  ho.  liko  the  Ilebr.  kiex.  (Proverbs  S'EX  'p  tiS,  i"  the  sense 
of  thrn,  T07/'  nscd  in  a  lively  moorl  of  speech,  ubd  (Genes,  xxvii.  34)  takes 
•^Tix  to  l)e  like  x"E"'X  which  is  a  compound  of  ix  =  ubi  and  its  correlat. 
KID  =  ns  ibi,  TToiorj  where  there! 


ad\t:ebs.  101 

N3''S5  (from  !i3  rr^s,  liere  is),  tliere  is,  are  (s.  infra  tTi< 
and  i52"'b).  This  adverb  is  found  followed  by  an 
unnecessar}^  b,  a-,  itgsjt  l^^b  X3^x  (Gitt.  50.),  there 
is  some  one  who  is  of  the  opinion  ;  analogous  to  the 
i'al)l)inical  "Tb  t!'}  (Shabb.  34.),  this  here,  is  yet  .  .  . 

ri-Q-^ifi  (B'jrach.  2.),  when?  from  the  Hebr.  "'Jn^.  It 
rea  Is  in  the  Targum  ChaL,  and  probably  also  in  the 
Mishnah  as  a  Hebraism  (s.  ir^  nn-'S  p..  97,  98),  T^^s? 
and  in  the  Syriac  ''n^^s,  with  the  Yod  silent,  bs 
n)2ii5  (Cliagg.  3.),  every  time,  as  often  as. 

T^  (Sha])b.  124:),  is  it  really  so?  can  that  be?  (from 
s^n  "j^s). 

n-'i?  (Chald.  "^n^si,  Hebr.  HS^),  it  is;  with  suff.  r^V^^, 
nn^s?  ^n:n'^S5  from  ''n:n^s?  (Sheb.  14 :)  ;  i5n\N:  d« 
(Pessa.  10:),  if  it  be. ^- 

"inrx  (ib.  7  :),  yet,  yet  now,  corresponding  to  the  Cliald. 
1?|  1? ;  possibly,  the  &?  substituting  the  word  T?  and 
''rs,  a  contr.  of  r::?3,  n:^3  (B.  Ch.  §  120),  which  would 
make  the  reading  of  tlie  word,  '^pss.*'^ 

'^X'ax  (Berach.  5:),  wherefore?  why?  upon  what  ac- 
count ?  f  i-om  ■'X^  b:?. 

^n'j^^-a  (Chul.  2.)  (from  "in?  \s:'i3,  in  (the  case),  when 
one  has  already  done  it,  in  reference  to  an  act  that 
has  been  already  accomplished,  but  not  as  to  its 
going  to  be  accomplished,  which  in  oj^position  to  the 
first  is  expressed  by  the  rabbinical  r^bnrsb, 

"'^^ri  '^^"2  (Sabb.  92:,  93.,  Chagg.  11  :),  with  one  an- 
other.    S.  ''^n  under  the  i:)rej3os.  and  "''I'ln  infra. 

K^~n3  (Pessa.  27.),  ^^"nb  (Tamid.  32.),  for  itself,  sep- 
arately,    especially     (from    Wio^,    a,    or,     proprius, 

*  n'^X  2*'i  the  substitute  of  the  verbi  substanthi  and  the  correlat.  of  "px- 
**  As  generally  read  by  German  Talmudists. 


102  ADVERBS. 

priv^atus,  lieuce,  ISLCjTsg,  rabbin,  tsi'^'in,  a  2:)nvate 
man). 

irn  ''ra  (xsazir  6  :),  what  tliere  is  between,  in  tlie 
midst.  Hence,  ^rn  ^r^^  (B.  K.  84.),  tlie  difference 
l)etween  two  quantities. 

»^b?n,  plainly,  merely,  only,  e.(j.,  55^n  X'c'^yn  srT  (Pess. 
24:),  it  is  merely,  only  sweat. "'^ 

Ni!)^13  (Bera.  2.),  at  the  beginning,  at  first. 

ii'cbTra,  iu  peace ;  signifies  :  is  agreed  to,  namely,  this 
one  statement ;  but  not  the  other.  Ni2bTr3  nn^it  ^s 
for  TnfZi^  ^N  fi^P^Ti'S,  this  is  right,  in  case  thou  sayst 
so,  but  not  otherwise,  i.e.,  according  to  the  other 
opinion  the  statement  is  wrong. 

iri,  s^;^^  is  a  noun,  expressing  :  the  inner  part,  hence, 
•^i^^^-Q  (Taniid  29  :),  imvards,  within. 

''S'l,  ])r<)perly,  that  when ;  i.e.,  in  case  when.  ^'?'?'^'7 
3^c:i  nn?  -"X^  (Yebam.  78  :)  ;  "  perhaps  there  is  the 
question  of  a  case,  such  as  wdien  he  has  transgressed 
the  law,  and  has  taken  as  a  Avife ; "  X7p  :iT9  ^''?  "'^1 
(ib.),  for  "wllen,"^.d,  for  such  exceptional  cases, 
there  was  written  no  Biblical  law,  (s.  in^'^in). 
See  also  B.  Mez.  GG  :. 

ii-cY'  (Bcrach.  2:)  (fr.  Niab  ''^  Bilj.  Ch.  §  123),  per- 
il a]  )S. 

xn  (I^.  Cli.  §  124,  llcbr.  xn),  lu'liold  !  lo !  x-inr,  xn 
ti^pc"^"!  SHT  (Kidd.  (70  :),  here  tlie  man  and  tliere  the 
([notation — and  yet,  yet,  XS'^st  »n  (Megill.  22.),  yet, 
tliere  is!  n^x  xn,  "irxn  and  l-asm,  yet,  and  yet,  he 
said  ! — already,  e.r/.,  T^'ai"'  xrbn  sn  (Neda.  81.), 
thre(;  days,  thre(>  days  since. 

s:TXn  (fr.  x:^?  ■'Xn),  at  present,  at  this  lime. 


* 


Used  iu  the  same  way  aa  universe,  uiiivcrsally,  gcucrally 


ADVERBS.  103 

^yiri,  (Syriac  '^'^'in,'^'  perhaps  from  'itni  ^n,  properly  the 
one  aud  the  other),  is  used  only  in  connection  witli 
a  pi'eposition ;  ■'"l""^  (Berach.  6.),  one  to  another, 
one  another;  ^"J'^i?  (ib.  7.),  one  against  another; 
Vj^i^  ''^■?)?  iliJ)?,"''"'^*  the  Scriptural  verses  are  hard 
(afford  difficulties)  one  against  another;  i.e.,  they 
contradict  one  another.  ^11^!^,  from  one  another ; 
''"I'jn  ''!?n3,  with  one  another,  together  (Meg.  7  :); 
^'I'ln  135  (ib.  11.),  near  one  another;  '^'iin  ^3  (Pessa. 
3 :),  like  one  another,  the  one  like  the  other. 

"I'ln  (Berach.  2.),  afterwards,  from  the  verb  "Tin,  to  do 
a2:ain  some  tliinc;.     See  W. 

xrn,  where  here ?  where  there?  from  xn  and  553  ana- 
logous to  the  Hebr.  r^Vi^^^  JiD^x ;  i53inTa,f  wherefrom 
there  ?  "'ri'^ri  xs'^ri'a,  wherefrom  shall  it  come  ?  Avhere- 
f  rom  shall  that  be  deduced  ?  how  can  that  be  snp- 
posed  ?  N3"'n  bs,  everywhere. 

'^rn,  how?  corresponds  to  the  IIel)r.  V^_  %  ns^X; — 
''D'^n  13,  ill  the  same  manner,  in  a  like  way,  as  much 

.     as,  in  a  manner  that,  in  order  to  (Berach.  10.). 

KDH  (Berach.  4  :),  here,  from  the  Clial.  fi53. 

'^sn,  so — ■'sn^,  hence,  therefore. 

iinujn  (from  spyio  xn,  Syr.  sirn  from  TOU)  sn),  now,  at 
present,  expressing  also  astonishment  ^rsn  niria  s^rnrn  ! 
^^2  ^'}'^.  ^)  (Berach.  3  :),  how !  Moses  did  not  know 
it  (and  David  did  ?  !). 

*  •nri''  hm  (Job  iii.  6)  seems  to  be  from  the  Syriac  inn  :  to  unite,  being 
together,  and  the  Daghesh  forte  being  the  compensation  for  the  missing  n. 

**  The  original  of  this  quotation  reads  "jji^m  and  not  icp  (s.  §  93). 

f  In  the  Hebr. ,  however,  the  prepos.  is  connected  with  the  second  syllable, 
n|l5a  IX,  unlike  the  Tahn.  >t3"^n^. 

%  The  3  being  the  compar.  element,  so  also  in  jtS'Tl  bs. 


104  ADVERBS. 

urn,  there  (ibi.)  (Glial,  r.'np,  Hebr.  Dt»).     S.  r^T\* 

■"KIT  (ilj.  2 :),  certainly,  surely  (from  fil^,  nin,  i^Ti, 
likewise :  coufess,  supposing  to  be  so). 

snrj  (ib.  6.),  manifoldly  (Hebr.  nL?^n,  Yonali  iv.  4  ; 
fr.  bien)  a  good  deal. 

"^S'J  (Pess,  12.),  more,  pass,  particip.  of  the  verb  i^E'J,  to 
add  (B.  M.  83.). 

I'lS  (in  the  Targu  1^13),  now,  at  present ;  n"^nn  ^idi 
(Ned.  21  :),  and  now  thou  repentest,  or,  art  thou  yet 
of  the  same  opinion  ?  the  words  ^^y  l\2b  is  are  miss, 
ing  (s.  Mard'chai  Shelnioth,  Cu]).  I.,  §  1114  and 
Seraag  r^-'^'^  240). 

^^2  from  s^^n-is,  as  it  is ;  f^3DD  ^^5  (Rosh  Hash.  5.,  B. 
M.  27:,  Cliul.  22.,  Kiddush.  5  :,  Sotah  19:,  Zebacb. 
93.,  Menacli.  93.),  "  he  took  it  as  it  is,  i.e.,  pro])erly 
it  was  not  necessary  to  mention  this  special  (piality 
of  the  subject,  but  having  under  discussion  its  differ- 
ent ])roj)erties,  he  (piotes  all  of  them  as  many  as 
there  are."  From  its  proper  meaning:  "as  it  is," 
tliis  word  l)ecame  tlie  ex])ression  for,  a  trifle,  insigni. 
ficance,  littleness,  as  in  the  liablt.  Hebrew:  N^mD  =  ma 
iPi^Ta,  wliatever  it  may  be,  in  the  sense  of:  of  what- 
ever (piantity  it  may  be,  even  of  tlie  least  (juantity, 
ever  so  littk^  So  "^TCrs  "^n-^Di  sb  -"-idi  ^^)2  bs  (San- 
hed.  29:),  ju'ople  usually  do  not  kec])  in  memory 
tilings  of  littl(!  importance,  of  no  im])()i"tance  to 
them.  "ipnyjia  i«b  ^npn  srT  ^2  "^nin-^s  (B.  K.  90:), 
"AV(!  do  not  molest  the  court  with  trivial  affairs." 
''-iDn  HTT  irrx  ^^fW  sb  (Kethu.  3():),  no  man  throws 
away  his  money  for  triHcs.  nnn"i5«  Nb  ^id2  (Ned. 
22.),  •'iDa  nypE  (il,.   29.).     In  Megil.  2:,  Ycbamoth 

*  Dn."i,  ubi,  being  tin;  coiTolivtivc  of  strn,  ibL 


ADVERBS.  105 

90.,  Chul.  73.  and  81  :.  -'is  nb  i-itixi  «an  nux  and 
in  Nazir  2. :  ''"13  si3^r)"'Ni  ssi  n^S  it  sicrnifies :  Some 

•J  T  •  TT  -.  (^ 

said  that  (stat<fnient)  in  xm's  name,  and  others, 
simply  as  it  is  (s5"'mD),  as  it  reads,  without  giving 
any  name  as  authority. 

■•sn  "^b^s  (all  this),  so  much,  so  very,  to  such  a  degree. 

''s  (Berach.  6 :),  when,  as  ;  "^sia  (ilj.  2  :),  since,  as  soon 
as. 

S^ni  bs  (in  the  Rabb.  Hebr.  sino-bD),  of  whatever,  of 
the  least  (juautity. 

n^3"b2,  so  much  (time),  as  long  time  as ;  ....  nics  bs 
n,  in  as  much  as  .  .  . 

bbs.  With  a  preceding  negative  it  denotes,  of  any  kind 
whatever,  bbs  n^b  inn  sbi  (Berach.  5 :),  that  he  had 
nothino;  of  the  kind. 

n^3,  Yoma  22  :  (s.  also  Dan.  iii.  33.),  how  much  !  how 
many  !  (B.  M.  86.) 

sb,  not.  If  n<^t  followed  directly  by  a  verb,  usually  'sb 
is  used,  i^b-},  and  not,  implies  the  sense  of  more  than, 
as  snb^pn  sbn  nnnnrin  (Yebam.  63 :),  the  wife  is  pun- 
ished when  the  husband  marries  another  one  besides 
her,  more  than  by  rods  (thorns).  s:?3"^  s«b,  it  is 
beyond  question,  needs  scarcely  to  be  said,  there  is 
no' doubt  about;  n^i?!?  K^V^  ^)  (Keth.  87  :  a.  o.  ]).) 
signifies :  the  Mishnah  or  the  Baraitha  in  s})eaking 
of  A  and  not  of  B  does  not  intend  to  exclude  B ; 
it  speaks  only  in  the  sense  of  «:3:T'°  ^^,  f' ■(-'-.  it  is 
quite  unnecessary  to  mention  B,  it  is  sufficient  to 
mention  A,  being  clear  that  its  determinations  may 
be  ap])lied  even  more  ])roperly  to  B. 

^^^^(Shabb.  64.,   131.,  Pess.   54.,  B.  K.  25 :).     Rashi 

*  An  affirm,  particle,  probably,  from  the  Greek  vai,  as  v  »  t^a  AI,  c<J7,  a 


« 


106  ADVERBS. 

translates  this  word  fT'?s«3,  yes,  certainly,  in  fact, 
truly.  It  seems  to  be  a  coutr.  from  sn  sb,  is  that 
not  so  ?  is  that  not  true  ?* 

Tlnb  (Bera.  2 :,  so  also  Chalcl. ;  Syr.  I^nb),  alone,  sep- 
arately, by  itself,  corresponding  to  the  Hebr.  "inb, 
and  probably  derived  from  nnb,  i.e.^  making  one  by 
itself.  With  suffix  '^s'J^'nb,  I  by  myself  ;  tfiinb,  thou 
alone  by  thyself ;  also  connected  with  a,  as  ^7"inba. 

s<|''b  (from  S3  ri^b,  here  is  not),  there  is  not,  it  is  not 
here,  there  is  no  such  a  thing. 

n-'b  (from  rr^s  xb),  it  is  not.  With  suff.  ri^n^b,  f^n'^b, 
'n:n^b,  fem.  T'^'^^?  (Slieb.  1-4 :). 

^r.T2,  how  is  it  ?  how  is  the  law  ?  is  it  allowed,  or  is  it 
not  I  N'O'T'I  ^"''?,  what  is  it,  tliou  wouldst  say  ?  i.e.^ 
that  it  should  not  be  said  ;  in  order  that  it  could  not 
be  said.  Tliis  expression,  being  comji.  from  rro  and 
sin,  belongs  to  tlie  Ra]:)b.  IIel)r.,  and  Avas  introduced 
into  the  Talm.  dialect. 

"•la  •••••,  Lat.  num.,  Germ.  etwa.  n^s  ^^  fShabl).  03.), 
is  there  written  ?  "tos^  ■'^,  did  he  tlien  say  ?  Tliis 
adverb  is  found  inserted  jjetween  N3"'X  ^^,\  is  there 
not  ?  Ejj.,  ^^st  Tsria  X2\s»  ^12  )fh  (Sliabb.  G8 :),  the 
same  as  in  Lat.  "  nonne  est?  " 

^T^  (foi-  n-'a,  Syr.  d^t?,  Cliald.  0?"^^),  some  thing,  Lat. 
aliquid,  (piid.  Pi'cccdcd  ])y  a  negative  it  denotes, 
nothing.     '^T'<^  "^'Tn  sb  (Sunlicd.   1>4.),  tlicy  saw  notli- 

df^rivation  npparoiilly  loss  cxcnptinnnl  than  tlic  dc'finition  l\v  Aruch,  who 
holds  tliis  wfjfd  to  1)(>  a  coinpoiuid  from  the  Hchr.  j<^  im*^  t'le  Greek  vii\  son  ! 

*  This  etymolojry  is  by  Rabbi  David  Vita  Todesco.      A. 

**  An  iiitfnojr,  partirle  used  whom  a  nofjativo  answer  is  oxpoeted.  and  has 
no  <;orr('S])ondinjr  term  ill  Eiiplish.  ^^  may  adequately  be  translated  hy  tho 
Oer.  ftwaV  and  the  L.  "  num,"  as  in  unm  barbarorum  Romulus  rex  fuit  ? 
Cic.  Rep.  1.  87. 

\  And  is  used  as  an  indirect  intcrrog.  ;  if  not  ?  whether  not  ? 


ADVERBS.  107 

incr. — *^'r\^i2  iibi,  notliinc:  at  all,  not  the  least,  as  P'^niC'^s? 
^T^  sbi  nib  ni2X  i^bn  (Sliabb.  95  :,  Temiira  34.),  he 
was  silent  and  said  nothing  to  him ;  -"T^  xbi  ic-ir;?  xb, 
there  is  not  the  least  ditilculty ;  sbiJ  Ni2?u  S'.n  ^T'>^  * 
(Pessa.  17.),  is  there  anything  (else)  as  a  reason  for 
thy  statement — if  it  be  not.  "^T"^  is  also  used  as  a 
substitute  for  its  synonymous,  the  Rabb.  D^bs,  L. 
eec|uid  ?  to  express  astonishment,  as  D'^yirin^  O'ittbi:  '^''''n 
?inr:  spT  i;3  (Keth.  105).,  what?  are  fools  and 
rascals  to  be  judges  ! 

^^3^  **,  hoAv  ?  what !  N"inn-j  rt^ann  byn  s^n?;^  i«-nn  '^"is'a 
N^n  N-^nSi  (Gittin  55 :),  how !  this  man  is  also 
the  enemy  of  this  man !  ^>.,  thou  art  also  mine 
enemy.  See  Bera.  9:;  10.,  33. ;  Pess.  23  : ;  Megill. 
2.;  Chagg.  4.,  9.,  11.,  12:.  Originally  .comp.  from 
')'^"p  "^ST?,  what  is  that  ?  how  is  this  ? 

•1X1312  f  (Chull.  11.),  wherefrom?  out  of  what?  (and  is 
used  as  an  indirect  interrog.,  if  not  ?  whether  not  ?) 
is  this  demonstrated  ? 

sb^'^ia,  liy  itself,  from  itself;  possibly  derived  from 
n'rri)?,  from  the  thing,  i.e.,  iu  consequence  of  the 
thing  itself,  ex  re. J 

*  S.  Rashi  to  th.  s. 

**  Trobably  from  •'is  (s.  above)  with  the  causal  a,  and  is  to  be  read  •<n313, 
as  it  is,  in  an  emotional  sense,  expressing  astonishment,  since,  seeing  that, 
'\''ierea'5.  Sometimes  in  an  ironical  sense  ;  since,  in  fact,  inasmuch  as,  corre- 
s'londing  to  the  L.  quippe,  quoniara,  and  the  Roman  author's  explanation  of 
th3  latter  :  "  quoniam  significat  non  solum,  id,  quod  quia,  Red  etiam,  id  quod 
pistquam"  (Fest.  p.  2G1),  may  fitly  be  applied  to  our  i-^sic.  The  author  in 
his  view  was  likely  led  by  the  traditional  reading  of  the  word  ""iris,  which, 
however,  may  be  a  comiption,  as  is  the  case  with  so  many  other  words. 

f  Of  what  premise,  antecedent,  source  ? 

X  This  explanation  is  given  by  the  late  Jacob  Pardo.  A.     (See  Aruch,  art. 


108  ADVERBS. 

iis-a  (B.  K.  92.),  wberefrom?  (fi-om  yq  and  "JS,  Eabb. 
Hebr.  IVI^),  1^  ^r^  -'iwd  f5:^,  wlience  to  us? 
whence  is  shown  to  ns,  that  .  .  .  ''.?573^  for 
•^rn  n:t2  m  the  plirase  ''^^  "^^niia  (Shal)b.  24 :),  whence 
these  things?  from  what  origin  are  these  things 
derived  ? 

i^np^y^  (Berach.  13.)  from  i]?:?,  root,  beginning, 

r^nia  (il).  0:)  from  tJ^i,  head,  beginning,  at  the  begin- 
ning, at  first,  in  times  of  old,  heretofore. 

'??,  -??'?  (Berach.  18  : ;  Sanh.  52.),  soon,  from  the  verb 
b?y,  to  turn  around,  circulate. 

^?  followed  by  "l,  during,  meanwhile  ;  "^spT  'i:?,  while  he 
stands  (Berach.  2.).  Sometimes  it  denotes  before,  as 
^3n;i  n?  (ib.  6.),  before  they  sat  down."^ 

b-*?,  sb-iy,  b^^b,  sb^yb  (Shabb.  29.),  above,  on  the  height, 
over. 

I'g'i^  (from  xp^.'lp,  s.  "^13)5  infra  prepos.),  "J^pb  (Megill.  2.), 
A\hat  stands  before  us,  relating  to  ^vhat  follows, 
infra.** 

TBI?  (beautiful),  well,  all  right,  perfectly ;  'I'SiJ)?  "t^bt? 
n-ib  (Berach.  2  :),  he  answered  him  perfectly. 

"i^aT  "T^DiD,  it  seems  all  right,  there  is  nothing  to  say 
against. 

^n  (from  2^^F\;  lla1)b,  IIel)r.  2^^),  again,  anew,  moreover, 
yet  more,  'in'i  (Berach.  2.),  moreover,  further,  be- 
sides. 

np-^n  (abl)rev.  from  n^:n,  lil<(>  ^p^n  fi-om  D^pr\),  this  may 
rest,  let   it  b(!  unsliakcn,  su])]ios(i    admiiting    (it   in 

*  RiiHhi  hro  ci'l iito  c.xiA^inH,  according  to  Uio  first  meaning,  "not  luiforo 
they  Bat  down,"  which  in  Hupportcd  also  Viy  the  nature  of  tlie  contents. 

**  XSS),  perhajw,  iiHcd  in  the  Mi.shnali,  and  cxprcHsiug  the  same  as  x^i'"'"! 
in  tin;  Tahnudic  dialect. 


ADVERBS.  109 

this  case,  but  how  in  the  other?)  ('Berach.  6.).     The 

same  as  s^Tsbira.-^ — nprn,  s.  §  20. 
•j^n  (Chald.  nian,  Hebr.  Dcj),  there.     "jTsn  nna  trhr\  nrni«3 

"133  "iin  (Berach.  63.),  where  there  is  no  man,  there 

be  a  man. 
i5rn  (from  snnr,  Hebr.  t^nr),  snnb,  below  ...  "7  ''«rr^, 

underneath.     There  occurs  in  Nazir  rnnbip. 

*  xrb'Ja   relates  mostly  to  the  premise,  antecedent,  cauae,  while    piJ^n 
argues  more  in  reference  to  the  consequence. 


CHAPTER  IX. 

prp:positions. 

§  98. 
The  following  words  are  used  as  prepositions : 

n^x  (s.  n-^ni^s  a:i«  under  the  adverbs  and  "^ns  infra), 
by  virtue,  over,  for  the  sake ;  J^'^'^Ir^''  3-''i^  (Yebam. 
25.),  l)y  virtue  of  his  worthiness. 

^m,  in  regard,  respect;  nao  ^-jsj!  nrj  Di''  i^')}:^  (Sliabb. 
124.),  we  proliibit  the  performance  of  a  certain 
liandwork  on  a  feastday  only  in  respect  to  the  Sab- 
bath, as  one  may  likely  be  led  to  perform  the  same 
also  on  this  (la\'.  Tliis  word  is  derived  from  -? 
x:yi-j,  l)y  changing  i5:y-i'J,  "  burden,"  into  i«r"^  '^"^^  '? 
1TJ,  into  i^-JS,  whence  ^t:x.*  See  infra  ^^oia.  It 
expresses  also  astonishment,  e.r/.,  "I'^s^^i  ^y^l"^  ^"^  ''"^^^ 
Sf^'csip  (B.  K.  84.),  what!  I  do  not  know  that  I  am 
well  speaking ! 

'ira'as,  see  b^t:^. 

''■rna,  see  "''in. 

1^3  (Kctlni.  17.)  and  ^:^3  (Beracli.  S.),  ])etween,  among; 
with  suiT.  "^i^r^a,  ?Ip3,  etc.  R.  Yochannn  said  55::^3 
(Chagg.  15:)  instead  of  "ipa. 

^3,  ^^•itll()^t  ....  "a  13,  withal  Hint,  except.  Hence, 
the   advcrl)  ''i«i3S,  out-doors    ('I'aiii.  27.,  Nazir.  17:), 

♦  This  (lofinition  is  by  the  worthy  Rnbbi  Abram  Lattes.**     A. 
**  Very  farfetched.     Wliy  not  from  the  Syr.  i:i:;'as,  by  ooutr.  likewiso  ps, 
from  risx,  etc.,  and  the  b  unoconated  ? 


PREPOSITIONS.  Ill 

''ii'na'a,  from  outside,  besides  (Tarn.  29 :).  So  is  said 
also  n2bt). 

^ri2,  after  (s.B.  Cli.  §  122). 

""^a  (from  3Di,  back,  the  upper  part  of  a  body),  ''35'? 
(Sanh.  83.),  with  sufE.  ''^^i^,  etc.,  on,  next,  near  by 
(like  addosso  in  Ita.).  So  without  b,  e.(/.,  Vl^,  "'S^ 
(^[egill.  11.),  near  one  another,  together;  ^J^^yi?;'  ''r\->b 
''sa^  (Bera.  10.),  let  Isaiah  come  to  me.  ''a^b  signi- 
fies also,  in  comparison  to:  nir'Ta  135b  (ib.  'S3:),  in 
comparison  to  Moses. 

ia  (s.  under  adv.),  "153,  '^^b,  within,  iiJia,  from  within,  from 
the  inside. 

■jia,  N:na  (color,  appearance,)  t^:^,  in  the  appearance, 
way,  manner,  kind  of,  for  example.  s:i?  "'S^n  "^3 
(Chagg.  15  :),  in  this  way,  manner. 

S^'Q^-T  (resemblance)  ....  7  s^'a^l  (Chagg.  2.),  like, 
likewise,  example. 

"'■in  (union,  joining,  perhaps  from  ^n),  used  only  with 
the  prefix  particles  n,  b,  ^.^.,  xnnD  -^-pb  ijs^n  '^-r.s  (B. 
K.  92.),  "  the  cabbage  in  company  with  the  thorn 
shares  its  punishment."  n'b  n^b  Nirnni  -^tpn?  "iina 
(Bera.  10.),  "  What  hast  thou  to  do  ^vith  that,  which 
belongs  to  God's  mysteries  ? "  With  sufF.  '^S'jns 
(Chagg.  4:),  or  "'T^  "^nna  (Keth.  103:),  "with  me," 
^'ina,  etc. ;  i?i2^D  ■'-rnb  s-jia  ^s  (Yel)am.  49  :),  "  Avhen 
she  reached  the  mouth,  she  reached  that  Avhich  be- 
longs to  the  mouth."  "''irnb  (Sheb.  (3.)  ;  .  .  .  n  ''-na, 
meanwhile,  during;  TSJi  -M5?P7  "^1^?  (Keth.  105:), 
while  he  went  and  came. 

nns,  like,  Avith  suff.  ''sni^S,  etc.  It  consists  of  the 
prefix  jmrticle  3  with  the  plural  termination  of  i* 

*  Sing.  fem.  noua,  according  to  I.  Fueist  the  3  similitudiuis  is  originally 


112  PREPOSITIONS. 

(n^sb-a),  the  same  as  the  Cliald.  mib,  being  the  prefix 
particle  b  with  the  same  plur.  termination. 

^2  (Berach.  6.),  like  VS^nx  --s  (Sanh.  9-4.),  like  our 
land,  country. 

■•sb;  (from  "^sxb  with  the  3  prosthetic),  toward,  to,  in 
relation  to.     S'^^b  ^fibs,  s.  §  56.* 

fi"^Bb,  according  to ;  corresponding  to  the  Hebr.  *^tb  (B. 
M.  96:). 

b'licTa  (burden,  from  b-J3,  to  lift  up,  to  remove),  brj-fisi 
(b^i2T2  b?),  by  motive  of  .  .  because  of  .  .  n^ribnia^i? 

.  (Keth.  67  :),  because  of  him,  on  his,  her,  its  account. 
Without  sufP.  and  apocopated,  ^I3i2fi?  as  1\T1  M^T  leiaif 
(Berach.  56.),  on  account  of  thy  money ;  ""anb  'iroiss  ** 
(Fess.  31.,  32.,  Neda.  29;  Nazir  25.  and  29.)  and 
isn  112^5?  (Tam.  32.),  on  account  of  this,  for  that  rea- 
son. .  This  prepos.  is  similar  to  'iisi?  (s.  above),  which 
originally  denotes  burden,  compulsion,  cause,  motive, 
because. 

D't5i2  (from  DitJ,  name),  in  the  name  of  f^'QiD  "^sn  mc^a 
(Berach.  5  :),  in  the  name  of  R.  Shemon.     Oftener 

of  12,  and,  as  the  nouns  of  the  sing.  fern,  in  i_  have  also  their  plur.  in  ni 
like  those  in  !i.  the  declension  of-  ni»  corresponds  to  the  former  and  not  to 

T     I 

the  latter  termination  (s.  Bib.  Ch.  Or.  t$  20>,  the  same  may  be  said  of  rT'b. 

*  L.  quorsum  ?  =  quoversus  ?  to  what  end,  as  in  "  quorsnm  ig-itur  hnac  dia- 
pnto"  (Auct.  or.  at  Qu'h).  Aruch,  in  quoting  from  Pess.  5,  reads  rr'bx,  tail, 
instead  of  j<^"^b,  which,  however,  is  contrary  to  the  text  in  the  cd.  before  nio. 

**  iaj<,  laiax  and  hv^'O  seem  to  be  derived  from  the  Syr.  b'iaast,  partly  by 
pon  opo  and  partly  by  contr. ,  and  all  in  the  sense  of  the  verb  ba3,  to  lift  up, 
to  carry,  involving  the  relation  (if  the  consequence  to  the  cause  as  carrying 
the  former  ;  hence,  because,  on  account,  etc.  So  also  as  a  relat.  conjunction, 
like  the  Hebr.  s  as  in  the  Syr.  iu  .-ii-na  in  3tt"i  Voia  for  n  aia  ^3  (ts. 
100.5.) 


PREPOsmoisrs.  113 

in  the  sense  of  on  the  ground,  basis,  under  designa- 
tion of,  .  .  for  the  reason  of  .  .  Hence  its  use  (by 
the  Mishnah-Rabbis)  to  express  title,  basis.* 

^?,  «^7,  upon,  over,  with  the  suff.  ■'Xi!!^^?  (Neda.  C5.), 
?finb^?  (Bera.  9.),  n^nb^?  (B.  K.  117.),  'inplb'i?  (Beraeh. 
10)  with  the  addition  of  a  1,  as  in  '}l^'','^x  (B.  Ch. 
§  30). 

'^'3)5  (for  '^^'71^)  before,  in  presence,  S5"^T0  "'^l^  (Beraeh. 
3  :),  before  God,  with  God  ;  y^ni-^  "^an-;  WT2p  (ib.  5.), 
in  the  presence  of  R.  Y. — "'^I^'a,  corresponding  to  the 
Hebr.  "^^s^,  before,  because.  In  the  last  sense  used 
also  by  the  Samar.  as  '}2"'DD  '''ajp^  (Carmina  Samari- 
tana,  p.  35),  because  of  our  enemies;  incorrectly 
translated  by  Gesenius  (ib.  p.  89),  "surgentibus 
osoribus  nostris,"  as  if  from  the  verb  D^p,  to  rise. 

''nip,  ''ninn,  under  (Cliull.  105  :). 

*  CTwO  niay  properly  be  derived  from  the  Hebr.  cViI5,  to  appreciate,  esti- 
mate the  value  of  anything,  Ec3l.  3.  17,  and  often  in  the  Talmud  as  'ppT'jn 
"piO'iJ,  hence  nana  nVJJa,  in  sense  of,  as  a  gift,  considered,  estimated  aa  a 
gift. 


CHAPTER  X. 

CONJUNCTIONS. 

§  99. 
The  following  words  are  used  as  conjunctions: 
ix  (Ilebr.  and  Chald.),  or,  as  Tax  -is  n^^  (B.  B.   13.), 
draw  thou,  or  I  sliall  draw,  i.e.^  either  take  thou  the 
half  price   of   our   common     property,   or    I    shall ; 

(B.  K.  59  :),  "  either  you  will  ask  a  question  from 
me,  or  I  shall  ask  one  from  you."  is  is,  L.  aut — aut, 
either — or,  "^.^ni?  is  is,  i.e.^  the  Mishnah  does  not  re- 
(|uest  Ijoth  the  things  mentioned,  only,  either  the 
one,  or  the  other;  ^5'Q'^■'^  is  (Sanh.  71 :),  or  perhaps? 

''S  (from  the  Cliald.  I'^S,  corresponding  to  the  Ilel>r. 
DS),  when.  '3n  -^s  (Sliabb.  25.),  if  it  1h»  so,  as  it  now 
is,  whereas,  if  so  .  .  .  tlicn  ;  ST2"^n  \x  or  s^^^n^S  (Bera. 
5.),  when,  if  thou  wilt  say,  if  one  should  say,  or 
also*  N^^'ri?  (il).  5:),  if  we  would  say,  if  suj)])os- 
\\vj^.  ST2\^  v^V2  ■'S  or  s^^s  n-'j'a^s  (Chull.  10:), 
A\  Iicii  tli<»u  wilt  r  sliall  say,  I  can  say,  or  so.  Tlicri^ 
occui's  STS^n  n^;?3^S  (four  times)  in  Nazir  32.,  and 
(two  times)  in  Sli«'])n.  10.,  which  jusliHes  \\\v.  (pies- 
tioii,  if  s^'^s  l.c  not  ill  the  imjxT.  so  as  to  ivnder 
si2^s  r-'ra-'S,  if  ilicu  wilt,  then,  say!  "''ops  (Sanli. 
04.),  or  also.  The  coiijunc,  ""S  is  often  omitted  like- 
wise in  tlic  Sci'ipt.  cs.      See  infi'a  sn. 

"^T^i*  (from  ''T,   '^),  l>y,  because,   concerning,  as  being, 

*  lu  au  iutcri'ogativc  an  alao  alErm.  bcuhc. 


CONJUNCTIONS.  115 

t2Ti2  Tjm  '>T;'it  (B.  B.  14 :),  because,  or,  in  consid- 
eration of  it  (the  book)  being  small,  it  would  easily 
liave  been  lost;  s:n-i  ^T^x,  having  said  (the  one 
thing,  he  says  also  the  other).  It  stands  also  as  a 
])rej)os.,  e.^.,  npna  -iT^s  (Nazir  2.),  as  much  as  ^T,  ^? 

xbx  (a  Rabbin.,  Syr.,  Arab.,  and  Greek  word,  possibly 
from  r^^,  if,  and  i<),  not),  if  not,  only,  but;  expressing 
in  the  Talmud  the  sense  of,  hence,  consequently,  after 
having  entirely  rejected  an  antecedent  proposition, 
and  means  "this  opinion  being  rejected,  consequently 
the  other  one,  the  following,  must  be  admitted." 
The  following  passage  may  be  quoted  as  an  instance 
for  l)oth  interpretations:  Sipp?  sjbs  n^si  l^iab  sn-^zn 
?  ni2"^^b  srs?  "^sia  inzi-a-Q  spfD  s:bs  nisxi  "jSTab  i^bx  sc:p 
1D1  ■'in'^'a?  ""^n  xpi  "^"ri^x  sbs  (Sanh.  3.),  "this  may  be 
admissible  on  the  ground  held  by  the  one,  who  says, 
that  the  payment  of  half  damage  is  to  be  considered 
as  a  penalty  ;  but,  on  the  ground  held  by  the  other,  who 
says  that  the  same  is  to  be  considered  as  a  restitution 
of  property,  what  is  there  that  may  be  said  against  'i 
consequently  (hence)  (the  preposition  ])recedently 
assumed  nuist  be  rejected,  and  it  must  be  admitted 
that,)  as  it  is  intended  l)y  the  Mishnah  to  show,  etc. 

siabx  (Brach.  3  :),  hence,  accordingly,  consecpiently. 
In  some  few  pxassages  it  is  expressing  astonishment, 
as  ):T)  xtibx  (Shebu.  11.),  and  yet,  it  is  said  in  the 
ISIishnah  !  X*?  x^'-i?  (Shebu.  13.,  13  :),  why  not  i  In 
these  cases  X'a'ps:  is  synonymous  with  nisb,  why  ?  (Rashi 
Berach.  11.),  and  according  to  Jos.  Karo  compound 
from  r.T2  by,  which  occurs  as  such  in  Talm.  Yeru- 
shalmi,  i«::n  n-a  b?i. 


116  CONJUNCTIONS. 

sbribs  or  ^'"rib:?  (a  Eiibbiu.  Hebr.  ^vord,  eorresponding 
to  the  Hebr.  ssW'),  if  it  be  not,  if  not.  si^'ann  s?5T2bi? 
nrsjp  ^S)3  S5:yn^  sb  snp  ■'sn-;  (Megill.  3.,  Sanlied.  9-4 :), 
if  it  be  not  for  tlie  interpretation  of  this  verse,  we 
^voiild  not  know  what  it  means.  Sometimes  it  signi- 
fies simply  if,  as  ^nbs  n^i-?!  bs?ffi^)2  n^::nb  n^ns?  iibiabj? 
i^Tsbf?  (Keth.  33  :),  if  they  had  castigated  Chananyah, 
Mishael,  and  Asaryah,  they  would  have  worshipped 
the  image.  Kal)l)enii  Tarn's  opinion  in  regard  to  the 
different  spelling  of  this  word,  viz.,  that  with  S5  it 
means,  if  it  be  not,  and  with  Yod  simply,  if,  is  objec- 
tionable. For,  as  the  original,  the  Bibl.  s^bib  being  used 
for  Ijoth  significations  without  varying  in  orthog- 
raphy, its  Rabl).  derivative  must  also  express  l)oth 
significations  without  regard  to  its  different  spellings, 
And,  indeed,  both  ^bicbs?  as  well  as  i^b^abs  are  found 
used  for  either  of  the  two  different  meanings. 

ib^ES!.  (a  Rabb.  word  com]),  from  ::ia?,  also,  and  'i^s?, 
when,  etiamsi),  also  when,  even  if;  jc  5«n^3-ia  w^n  ^b^si« 
n"'b"'T2piTa  i*;')?®,  "even  the  surveyor  of  tlie  fountains  is 
a])i)()inted  from  Heaven."  "^pn  ^b^BJj:,  even  so,  yet, 
nevertheless ;  S'S'^ri  ^b^BS,  even  if  thou  sayst,  i.e.,  the 
statement  may  be  maintained  even  at  the  supposition 
tliat  .... 

n  na  br  r,s?  (Berach.  7  :),  although,  even  wlien. 

^t^^■^  (jb.  3:),  as,  ])ecaus('.'''' 

KTab^i,  tliat  not  (s.  B.  Cliald.  §  123). 

Kn,  tliiis;   sr-^x   \^   sn    (B.  M.  8<'>:),  thus,  if  it  be  .  .  . 

Aflci-  tlii>  t«"    ^i<  i^  mostly  omitted  ;  ^tn^x  sn  (ibid.)  ; 

*  This  word   ih  composed   from  tlie  conjunct,    jiartic.    1    of    in,    and    tho 
domouHtr.  pron.  xn,  aud  luay  be  rendered  by,  that  that. 


CONJUNCTIONS.  117 

''Dn  lj{b  xn,  tlnis,  if  it  is,  or  be  not  so.     So  .also  in 

tlie  Misbnali,  niiin  is,""  «n  (B.  M.  83.)  for  Hi:  as  sn 

nsn. 
^?rr^  (perhaps  from  sri,  behold!   (§  07)  and  ^35,  Eal)- 

biii.  for  that),  therefore,  accordingly. 
)T^   (a   Hebraism   of  a  later  2)eriod)  .  .  .  .  T  )T^,  as 

soon  as,  after. 
"^i?'?^?'?    (from   "ins    b?,    similar  to  the  Ger.    "  auf   der 

Stelle,"  and  the  Fv.  "  sur  le  champ  ")  [and  the  Engl. 

"  npon  the  spot  "],  immediately,  forthwith. 

ia)?,  in  ease,  since,  supposing  that  .  .  .  TOi*  ^^.^  ''i^T  'iS'a 
ini^n  I'^i'Q  (Kerath.  12.),  "  in  case  he  would,  he  could 
say :  1  have  done  it  on  consideration."  It  corresp. 
to  the  Raljbin.  ^ini2,  as  1^  being  the  Chald.  of  the 
Hebr.  Tfin.'^ 

sn"")?  (Berach.  10.),  nn'^)2  (Pessa.  9 :),  '^'rf^'n  fYebam.  63.), 
yet,  however,  nevertheless. 

^b2)a  (Berach.  25  :),  from  all  that  (that  was  said),  fol- 
lows.    It  is  a  Rabb.  Hebraism. 

.  .  "i  ^'Q'^12  (s.  ''rp  under  the  prepos.),  before  that  (he 
said,  etc.).   ■ 

•1^3  (Berach.  4:),  also,  even;  ^^^.  ''sn  or  ^-c:  ''2^  r« 
(Chagg.  11.),  yes,  so  also  it  is;  "'a?  s?n  (Berach. 
8 :),  here  also,  i.e.,  even  so  in  our  case.  It  often  is 
preceded  by  the  word  Cji?,  e.f/.,  ■'^3  sn^Dffi;  qs?  (Berach. 
4 :),  from  the  last  instance  is  to  be  seen  that  origin- 
ally ''''23  had  not  the  meaning  of,  also,  but  that  it  was 
a  verb,  which  afterwards  became  a  peculiar  ex- 
pression for,  also,  I'eally,  indeed.  Supposed  this  to 
be  so,  '^''33  may  be  a  derivative,  according  to  D.  Tedesco, 

*  S.  t.  s.  under  prepos. 


118  COKJUTs^CTIONS. 

from  «'a?,*  "  we  will  say,"  or,  according  to  M.  Eliren- 
reicli,  from  T^^;.,  "  we  would  believe,"  or,  lastly,  ac- 
cording to  my  suggestion,  from  "''Qis,  "  we  could 
swear  on  that." 

*  Already  in  Aruch. 


CHAPTER  XL 

INTEEJECTIONS. 
§  100. 

The  following  words  are  used  as  interjections: 
^y^t^D^  '1X^33,  ■'n^^nix  (Erub.  17.),  by  the  Law,  prophets 

and  Hagiographa !  a  manner  of  swearing. 
'13'^x,  alas  !  behold!  O!  an  interjection  of  a  wide  use. 
mrhiz  xn  ^Db  ^i^5«  S5b  ^npia  ^rs  (Shabb.  152:,  Yebam. 
46.,  B.  M.  73  :) ,  Lo  !  if  I  had  been  dead  I  could  not 
have  told  you  this  thing ;  ^''"inx  i«c-iD  sin  -h  nnb^  ^s-'S 
(Yebamoth  G5 :),  look,  thou  wouldst  have  borne 
unto  me  yet  another  pair  of  children.*  srnrn  ^rx 
^nnb  l^nDSO  isns  xb  (Bera.  25  :),  now  see !  had  I  not 
come,  you  would  have  brought  my  son  into  danger ; 
t?  V^^^.  ''S<br\T2'^x  srnrn  ^dis  (Bezah  4  :),  now  !  I  had 
been  amiss,  and  Avould  have  told  you;  sniL^n  ^2^s 
snDin  "^Nrna  ins??^  (Chagg.  5 :),  Oh  !  thou  wouldst 
have  deprived  me  of  this'  benediction !  snicn  ^d-^s 
nnn  "^inb  sn^D^s  ^nb  in^£0  (Chull.  95  :),  Now  see  !  you 
would  have  fed  my  daughter's  sons  with  prohi])ited 
food !  "13  "i^s?  «b"i  "^b  ^:d^  i^-q^i  tn^^^t)':i  bsD  i^-Q-qi  ^d^s 
i?nbp  sn  (Sanh.  107.),  O  !  that  there  were  a  In-idle 
put  in  the  mouth  of  mine  enemy  (i.e.,  pr.  euphem- 
ism, in  my  mouth),  so  that  he  could  not  have  uttered 
a  word  such  as  that !  "  ** 

*  In  sense  of  wishing ;  so  also  i"a3l  t.  t.  s. 

**  The  author  here  continues  in  deriving  isiji  from  ^isx,  to  eat.  I  think  this 


120  INTERJECTIONS. 

bKn»:»7  snbx,  God  Israel's!  by  God!  Instead  of  tliis 
K.  Yoclianau  used  to  say  some^vllat  quaintly,  nbsb 
bsnTn-'T  (Yomah  84  : ;  Abo.  zar.  28.). 

i^siiT  r.EDi  (Pess.  87  :),  expressing  a  manner  of  swearing 
put  in  the  mouth  of  a  Eoman ;  probably  from  the 
Hebr.  word  Cl^  (Pro v.  9.  3.),  an  elevated  j^lace,  as  it 
is  also  found  in  a  discussion  held  entirely  in  the 
Hebr.  language  (Men.  44.),  ^m  bi?  n^\  It  may 
jiossibly  signify  "  by  Rome's  most  exalted  temple  !  " 
viz.,  that  of  Jupiter  Optimus  Maximus,  erected  on  the 
Capitol.  Other  doubtful  suggestions  I  have  refuted 
in  my  notes  to  T?"???^  ^'^)^^,  Vienna  1859. 

^^'^,  by  God  !  (kiddu.  44:,  Nazir  42  :,  Sanhed.  72., 
Chull.  54.). 

ii'^^n,  go  on  !  forwards  !  (Gittin  34.,  Shabl).  119.).  Is 
used  also  as  an  adverb  designating,  quickly,  liastily 
(B.  K.  84.). 

"'I'l,  Ahis  !  an  exclamation  of  pain  or  dread ;  Greek, 
oval  ;  L.  vae.  ipr^'^'^n  f?  ^^'\  (Berach.  31.),  woe  unto 
us,  that  we  nuist  die  ! 

cn,  far  l^e  it !  a])sit !  "'b  en  (Arach.  IT) :),  far  from  me  ! 
n"'b  cn  (Kidd.  44:),  c()iTes]K)nding  to  the  Ilebr. 
r.b^bn  (s.  Ilebr.  Gr.   §  1144). 

N^?-i  sn;i  (Mocd  Katan.  5.),  let  it  be  tlie  will  oi  God  ! 
j)lease  to  God ! 

\^nb  (Chagg.  10.,  Chull.  10.),  to  life!  your  health! 
good  luck  !  h.  la  l)onne  heure  ! 

''D-'l  "^ip  (Zcba.  43.,  Chull.  90:),  Lord  of  this!  Bashi 
interprets  :  Oh,  thou  creator  of  this  statemetit  !  I 
tliiiik  it   to    e\pr(jss  :    Lord   of   (lie  world  I   and   "'3'^'^, 

definition   to  bo  n,  mere  whim  of  the   .inthor,  and  to  rop<!!it  it  here  would  as 
well  imply  the  HUgg<;Htioii  of  huviny  mistaken  it  for  a  philol.  truth. 


INTERJECTIONS.  121 

"this,"  to  relate  to  the  earth, — an  exclamation  ac- 
companied by  the  gesture  of  treading  on  the  floor 
where  the  excited  sj)eaker  was  standing. 

Dnnns<7  n-^ir)  (Shabb.  22.,  Keth.  2.),  Lord  Aljraham's  ! 
Great  God  ! 

nbb  n-^-ya  (Nedar  22  :),  Lord  of  the  universe  ! 

nrjb,  IMoses !  by  Moses !  n'^^N'?  "T^st?  nirb,  by  Moses  . 
tliou  hast  well  spoken  !  * 

Tis  (Ketliu.  103  :),  let  it  be  so,  though  it  be  so. 
Originally  the  future  of  the  verV)  i5;in  with  3,  accord- 
ing to  the  Syriac  sins,  let  it  be.** 

S2bT2-i  N5P,  by  the  king's  crown  !  f  an  expression  for 
swearing. 

*  There  is  found  no  swearing  by  a  mortal  name,  whether  in  the  Talmud  or 
in  any  other  Hebrew  book.  Rashi,  therefore,  interprets  this  riiT^  as  a  com- 
plimentary expression  of  deference  to  the  authority  which  is  to  be  interro- 
gated :  so  in  the  above  instance,  Thou,  a  second  Moses,  hast  thou  well 
spoken  ? 

*  *  This  explanation  belongs  also  to  the  above-mentioned  R.  Aebr.  Lattes.  A. 
t  X3n  is  undoubtedly  the  L.  toga,  the  garment  worn  by  the  Romans,  and 

StrblST  N;n  designs  the  toga  praetexta  worn  by  high  officers. 


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